The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Salivary microbiota reflects changes in gut microbiota in cirrhosis with hepatic encephalopathy
Open accessAbstract
Altered gut microbiome is associated with systemic inflammation and cirrhosis decompensation. However, the correlation of the oral microbiome with inflammation in cirrhosis is unclear. Our aim was to evaluate the oral microbiome in cirrhosis and compare with stool microbiome. Outpatients with cirrhosis (with/without hepatic encephalopathy [HE]) and controls underwent stool/saliva microbiome analysis (for composition and function) and also systemic inflammatory evaluation. Ninety‐day liver‐related hospitalizations were recorded. Salivary inflammation was studied using T helper 1 cytokines/secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA), histatins and lysozyme in a subsequent group. A total of 102 patients with cirrhosis (43 previous HE) and 32 age‐matched controls were included. On principal component analysis (PCA), stool and saliva microbiome clustered far apart, showing differences between sites as a whole. In salivary microbiome, with previous HE, relative abundance of autochthonous families decreased whereas potentially pathogenic ones (Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcaceae) increased in saliva. Endotoxin‐related predicted functions were significantly higher in cirrhotic saliva. In stool microbiome, relative autochthonous taxa abundance reduced in previous HE, along with increased Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcaceae. Cirrhotic stool microbiota demonstrated a significantly higher correlation with systemic inflammation, compared to saliva microbiota, on correlation networks. Thirty‐eight patients were hospitalized within 90 days. Their salivary dysbiosis was significantly worse and predicted this outcome independent of cirrhosis severity. Salivary inflammation was studied in an additional 86 age‐matched subjects (43 controls/43 patients with cirrhosis); significantly higher interleukin (IL)−6/IL‐1β, secretory IgA, and lower lysozyme, and histatins 1 and 5 were found in patients with cirrhosis, compared to controls. Conclusions: Dysbiosis, represented by reduction in autochthonous bacteria, is present in both saliva and stool in patients with cirrhosis, compared to controls. Patients with cirrhosis have impaired salivary defenses and worse inflammation. Salivary dysbiosis was greater in patients with cirrhosis who developed 90‐day hospitalizations. These findings could represent a global mucosal‐immune interface change in cirrhosis. (H epatology 2015;62:1260‐1271)
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Recent studies have demonstrated differences in the duodenal and salivary microbiota between healthy controls and patients with cirrhosis86,88, suggesting that there are also qualitative and quantitative changes in the upper gastrointestinal tract that might be linked to changes in the more distal microbiota and contribute to the pathophysiology of CLD as well as the development of HCC.”
From The gut microbiome and liver cancer: mechanisms and clinical translation (2017) · cites this paper as [88]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Cytoscape: A software Environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks
Shannon, P., Markiel, A., Ozier, O., Baliga, N. S., Wang, J. T., Ramage, D., Amin, N., Schwikowski, B., & Ideker, T. (2003) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.1239303 · Cited by 51,888
Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation
Segata, N., Izard, J., Waldron, L., Gevers, D., Miropolsky, L., Garrett, W. S., & Huttenhower, C. (2011) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2011-12-6-r60 · Cited by 16,192
Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome
The Human Microbiome Project Consortium (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11234 · Cited by 11,726
Predictive functional profiling of microbial communities using 16S rRNA marker gene sequences
Langille, M. G. I., Zaneveld, J., Caporaso, J. G., McDonald, D., Knights, D., Reyes, J. A., Clemente, J. C., Burkepile, D. E., Vega Thurber, R. L., Knight, R., et al. (2013) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.2676 · Cited by 9,116
Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome
MetaHIT Consortium (additional members), Arumugam, M., Raes, J., Pelletier, E., Le Paslier, D., Yamada, T., Mende, D. R., Fernandes, G. R., Tap, J., Bruls, T., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09944 · Cited by 7,548
Changes of Intestinal Functions in Liver Cirrhosis
Fukui, H., & Wiest, R. (2016) · Inflammatory Intestinal Diseases · doi:10.1159/000444436 · Cited by 6,820
Alterations of the human gut microbiome in liver cirrhosis
Qin, N., Yang, F., Li, A., Prifti, E., Chen, Y., Shao, L., Guo, J., Le Chatelier, E., Yao, J., Wu, L., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13568 · Cited by 2,177
Statistical Methods for Detecting Differentially Abundant Features in Clinical Metagenomic Samples
White, J. R., Nagarajan, N., & Pop, M. (2009) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000352 · Cited by 1,599
Interaction between Phenolics and Gut Microbiota: Role in Human Health
Selma, M. V., Espín, J. C., & Tomás-Barberán, F. A. (2009) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf902107d · Cited by 1,324
Secretory IgA's complex roles in immunity and mucosal homeostasis in the gut
Mantis, N. J., Rol, N., & Corthésy, B. (2011) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1038/mi.2011.41 · Cited by 1,283
Cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction: Distinctive features and clinical relevance
Albillos, A., Lario, M., & Álvarez-Mon, M. (2014) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2014.08.010 · Cited by 1,242
Characterization of the oral fungal microbiome (mycobiome) in healthy individuals
Ghannoum, M. A., Jurevic, R. J., Mukherjee, P. K., Cui, F., Sikaroodi, M., Naqvi, A., & Gillevet, P. M. (2010) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000713 · Cited by 1,150 · cited 1×
“For saliva collection, all subjects were asked to rinse their mouth with normal saline using published protocols in the presence of the coordinator.(11) This rinse was discarded and saliva collected after that was collected and flash-frozen.”
MethodSelf-citationAltered profile of human gut microbiome is associated with cirrhosis and its complications
Bajaj, J. S., Heuman, D. M., Hylemon, P. B., Sanyal, A. J., White, M. B., Monteith, P., Noble, N. A., Unser, A. B., Daita, K., Fisher, A. R., et al. (2014) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2013.12.019 · Cited by 1,099
Self-citationModulation of the fecal bile acid profile by gut microbiota in cirrhosis
Kakiyama, G., Pandak, W. M., Gillevet, P. M., Hylemon, P. B., Heuman, D. M., Daita, K., Takei, H., Muto, A., Nittono, H., Ridlon, J. M., et al. (2013) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2013.01.003 · Cited by 797
Self-citationBacterial Infections, Sepsis, and Multiorgan Failure in Cirrhosis
Tandon, P., & García–Tsao, G. (2008) · Seminars in Liver Disease · doi:10.1055/s-2008-1040319 · Cited by 549
Linkage of gut microbiome with cognition in hepatic encephalopathy
Bajaj, J. S., Ridlon, J. M., Hylemon, P. B., Thacker, L. R., Heuman, D. M., Smith, S., Sikaroodi, M., & Gillevet, P. M. (2012) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00190.2011 · Cited by 547
Self-citationBajaj, J. S., Hylemon, P. B., Ridlon, J. M., Heuman, D. M., Daita, K., White, M. B., Monteith, P., Noble, N. A., Sikaroodi, M., & Gillevet, P. M. (2012) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00152.2012 · Cited by 530
Self-citationGlobal diversity in the human salivary microbiomePreprint
Nasidze, I., Li, J., Quinque, D., Tang, K., & Stoneking, M. (2009) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.084616.108 · Cited by 458
Bajaj, J. S., Heuman, D. M., Sanyal, A. J., Hylemon, P. B., Sterling, R. K., Stravitz, R. T., Fuchs, M., Ridlon, J. M., Daita, K., Monteith, P., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060042 · Cited by 430
Self-citationSalivary Defense Proteins: Their Network and Role in Innate and Acquired Oral Immunity
Fábián, T., Hermann, P., Beck, A., Fejérdy, P., & Fábián, G. (2012) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms13044295 · Cited by 364
Intestinal Microbiota Was Assessed in Cirrhotic Patients with Hepatitis B Virus Infection
Lu, H., Wu, Z., Xu, W., Yang, J., Chen, Y., & Li, L. (2011) · Microbial Ecology · doi:10.1007/s00248-010-9801-8 · Cited by 225
Oudhoff, M. J., Bolscher, J. G. M., Nazmi, K., Kalay, H., Hof, W. V. ‘., Amerongen, A. V. N., & Veerman, E. C. I. (2008) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.08-112003 · Cited by 218
Diversity of the autochthonous colonic microbiota
Nava, G. M., & Stappenbeck, T. S. (2011) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.4161/gmic.2.2.15416 · Cited by 182
Wang, Q., Zhang, C.-F., Chu, C.-H., & Zhu, X. (2012) · International Journal of Oral Science · doi:10.1038/ijos.2012.17 · Cited by 177
Endotoxemia contributes to the immune paralysis in patients with cirrhosis
Lin, C.-Y., Tsai, I.-F., Ho, Y.-P., Huang, C.-T., Lin, Y.-C., Lin, C.-J., Tseng, S.-C., Lin, W.-P., Chen, W.-T., & Sheen, I.-S. (2007) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2006.12.018 · Cited by 145
Bajaj, J. S., Cox, I. J., Betrapally, N. S., Heuman, D. M., Schubert, M. L., Ratneswaran, M., Hylemon, P. B., White, M. B., Daita, K., Noble, N. A., et al. (2014) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00268.2014 · Cited by 143
Self-citationVanhoutte, T., Preter, V. D., Brandt, E. D., Verbeke, K., Swings, J., & Huys, G. R. B. (2006) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.00233-06 · Cited by 116
Systemic inflammation and ammonia in hepatic encephalopathy
Tranah, T. H., Vijay, G. K. M., Ryan, J. M., & Shawcross, D. L. (2012) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-012-9370-2 · Cited by 114
Salivary Microbiota and Metabolome Associated with Celiac Disease
Francavilla, R., Ercolini, D., Piccolo, M., Vannini, L., Siragusa, S., De Filippis, F., De Pasquale, I., Di Cagno, R., Di Toma, M., Gozzi, G., et al. (2014) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.00362-14 · Cited by 111
Quantitative Assessment of the Human Gut Microbiome Using Multitag Pyrosequencing
Gillevet, P. M., Sikaroodi, M., Keshavarzian, A., & Mutlu, E. (2010) · Chemistry & Biodiversity · doi:10.1002/cbdv.200900322 · Cited by 105
Self-citationDental Health Status of Liver Transplant Candidates
Guggenheimer, J., Eghtesad, B., Close, J. M., Shay, C., & Fung, J. J. (2007) · Liver Transplantation · doi:10.1002/lt.21038 · Cited by 103
A longitudinal systems biology analysis of lactulose withdrawal in hepatic encephalopathy
Bajaj, J. S., Gillevet, P. M., Patel, N. R., Ahluwalia, V., Ridlon, J. M., Kettenmann, B., Schubert, C. M., Sikaroodi, M., Heuman, D. M., Crossey, M. M. E., et al. (2012) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-012-9303-0 · Cited by 95
Self-citationEnterococcus faecalis infection in root canals - host-derived or exogenous source?
Vidana, R., Sullivan, Å., Billström, H., Ahlquist, M. L., & Lund, B. K. (2010) · Letters in Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1472-765x.2010.02972.x · Cited by 87
Network‐Based Modeling of the Human Gut Microbiome
Naqvi, A. S., Rangwala, H., Keshavarzian, A., & Gillevet, P. M. (2010) · Chemistry & Biodiversity · doi:10.1002/cbdv.200900324 · Cited by 60
Self-citationCooper, C. A., Garas, L. C., Maga, E. A., & Murray, J. D. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058409 · Cited by 59
Oral microbiome composition changes in mouse models of colitis
Rautava, J., Pinnell, L. J., Vong, L., Akseer, N., Assa, A., & Sherman, P. M. (2014) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1111/jgh.12713 · Cited by 54
Abhilash, P. A., Harikrishnan, R., & Indira, M. (2011) · Free Radical Research · doi:10.3109/10715762.2011.647691 · Cited by 41
Sutula, J., Coulthwaite, L., Thomas, L. V., & Verran, J. (2013) · Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease · doi:10.3402/mehd.v24i0.21003 · Cited by 38
Bodiga, V. L., Bodiga, S., Surampudi, S., Sesikeran, B., Udaykumar, P., Balakrishna, N., Subramaniam, K., & Raghunath, M. (2011) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2011.09.007 · Cited by 37
Imamura, Y., & Wang, P. (2014) · Journal of Inflammation · doi:10.1186/1476-9255-11-4 · Cited by 33
Borgwardt, D. S., Martin, A. D., Hemert, J. R. V., Yang, J., Fischer, C. L., Recker, E. N., Nair, P. R., Vidva, R., Chandrashekaraiah, S., Progulske‐Fox, A., et al. (2014) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep03904 · Cited by 31
Evaluation of Periodontal Status in Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis Patients: A Comparative Study
Raghava, K. V., Shivananda, H., Mundinamane, D. B., Boloor, V. A., & Thomas, B. (2013) · The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1296 · Cited by 31
Erridge, C. (2010) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.4161/gmic.1.6.13726 · Cited by 6
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The gut-liver axis in liver disease: Pathophysiological basis for therapy
Albillos, A., de Gottardi, A., & Rescigno, M. (2020) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2019.10.003 · Cited by 2,166
The gut-liver axis and the intersection with the microbiome
Tripathi, A., Debelius, J., Brenner, D. A., Karin, M., Loomba, R., Schnabl, B., & Knight, R. (2018) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-018-0011-z · Cited by 1,480
Characterization of the gut microbiome using 16S or shotgun metagenomics
Jovel, J., Patterson, J., Wang, W., Hotte, N., O'Keefe, S., Mitchel, T., Perry, T., Kao, D., Mason, A. L., Madsen, K. L., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00459 · Cited by 942
Alcohol, liver disease and the gut microbiota
Bajaj, J. S. (2019) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-018-0099-1 · Cited by 724
Self-citationThe gut microbiome and liver cancer: mechanisms and clinical translation
Yu, L.-X., & Schwabe, R. F. (2017) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2017.72 · Cited by 634
Metadata
- Authors
- Bajaj, J. S., Betrapally, N. S., Hylemon, P. B., Heuman, D. M., Daita, K., White, M. B., Unser, A., Thacker, L. R., Sanyal, A. J., Kang, D. J., Sikaroodi, M., & Gillevet, P. M.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- George Mason University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bajaj, Jasmohan S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Hepatology
- Published
- 2015-05-06
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1260-1271
- ISSN
- 0270-9139 (ISSN-L)
- 1527-3350
- PMC
- PMC4587995
- OpenAlex
- W1518286619
- Cited by
- 325
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 14
- FWCI
- 12.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Hepatology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (I01 CX001076)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01AA020203, RO1AA020203)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK087913)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver Disease and Transplantation
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Keywords
- liver cirrhosis, hepatic encephalopathy, salivary microbiota, gut microbiota, dysbiosis, systemic inflammation, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcaceae, endotoxin, secretory IgA, histatins, lysozyme, interleukin-6, IL-1β, mucosal immunity, hepatic decompensation
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Feces, Female, Hepatic Encephalopathy, Humans, Inflammation, Intestines, Liver Cirrhosis, Male, Middle Aged, Saliva, Microbiota, Dysbiosis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
