Risk factors for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in a low‐risk population: A nationwide case‐control study
Open accessAbstract
Recently, the incidence of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) has been increasing in a number of developed (Western) countries. However, risk factors in these low‐risk populations are poorly understood. In this nationwide population based case‐control study in Denmark, we examined the relationship between selected medical conditions and subsequent ICC risk to provide additional clues to etiopathogenesis. All histologically confirmed ICC cases diagnosed in Denmark between 1978 and 1991 were identified from the Danish cancer registry. Population controls were selected from the central population registry and were matched 4:1 to cases on sex and year of birth. Cases and controls were linked to the Danish hospital discharge registry to obtain information on prior hospital diagnoses. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were derived using conditional logistic regression. A total of 764 ICC cases and 3,056 population controls were included in the study. Chronic liver diseases were significantly related to ICC: alcoholic liver disease (OR = 19.22, 95% CI = 5.55–66.54), unspecified cirrhosis (OR = 75.9, 95% CI 10.2–565.7). Bile duct diseases were also associated with risk: cholangitis (OR = 6.3, 95% CI = 2.3–17.5), choledocholithiasis (OR = 23.97, 95% CI = 2.9–198.9), cholecystolithiasis (OR = 4.0, 95% CI = 2.0–7.99), though gallbladder removal did not change risk (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 0.65–3.7). Among other conditions, chronic inflammatory bowel disease (OR = 4.7, 95% CI = 1.65–13.9) was significantly associated with ICC. Diabetes was associated with risk in the year prior to diagnosis of ICC (OR = 3.02, 95% CI = 1.05–8.69). Obesity was unrelated to risk. These results confirm that prior bile duct diseases increase risk of ICC and suggest that alcoholic liver disease and diabetes may also increase risk. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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Major risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma vary by region and include liver flukes (e.g., in the northeast region of Thailand, where Opisthorchis viverrini is endemic) and metabolic conditions (including obesity, diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease), alongside heavy alcohol consumption and HBV and HCV infections.
“Major risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma also vary by region and include liver flukes (e.g., in the northeast region of Thailand, where Opisthorchis viverrini, is endemic) 121 and metabolic conditions (including obesity, diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease), alongside heavy alcohol consumption and HBV and HCV infections.122-124”
From Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. (2024) · cites this paper as [123]
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- Authors
- Welzel, T. M., Mellemkjaer, L., Gloria, G., Sakoda, L. C., Hsing, A. W., Ghormli, L. E., Olsen, J. H., & McGlynn, K. A.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Welzel, Tania M.
- Venue
- International Journal of Cancer
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2006-11-15
- Volume
- 120
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 638-641
- ISSN
- 0020-7136 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0215
- OpenAlex
- W2021773870
- Cited by
- 195
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 7.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Cancer (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Cancer Institute
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cholangiocarcinoma and Gallbladder Cancer Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pediatric Hepatobiliary Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver Diseases and Immunity
- Keywords
- intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, risk factors, alcoholic liver disease, liver cirrhosis, bile duct diseases, cholangitis, choledocholithiasis, cholecystolithiasis, cholecystectomy, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes mellitus, etiopathogenesis
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Bile Duct Diseases, Bile Duct Neoplasms, Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic, Cholangitis, Denmark, Female, Humans, Liver Cirrhosis, Liver Diseases, Liver Diseases, Alcoholic, Male, Middle Aged, Registries, Risk Factors, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Incidence, Logistic Models, Odds Ratio, Case-Control Studies, Cholangiocarcinoma, Cholecystolithiasis, Choledocholithiasis
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