Global trends in intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma incidence from 1993 to 2012
Open accessAbstract
Background: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (ICCs) and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (ECCs) are highly lethal bile duct tumors. Their incidence can be difficult to estimate because of changes in cancer coding over time. No studies to date have examined their global incidence and trends with high‐quality topography‐ and histology‐specific cancer registry data. Therefore, this study examined ICC and ECC incidence with the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Plus database. Methods: Regional and national cancer registry data were used to estimate age‐standardized incidence rates (ASRs) per 100,000 person‐years, 95% confidence intervals, and average annual percent changes (AAPCs) for ICC in 38 countries and for ECC in 33 countries from 1993 to 2012. ICC and ECC trends were tabulated and plotted by country. Rates versus birth cohort by age were plotted, and an age‐period‐cohort analysis was performed to assess age and cohort incidence rate ratios. Results: The highest rates of ICC and ECC were in Asia, specifically South Korea (ASR for ICC, 2.80; ASR for ECC, 2.24), Thailand (ASR for ICC, 2.19; ASR for ECC, 0.71), and Japan (ASR for ICC, 0.95; ASR for ECC, 0.83). Between 1993 and 2012, incidence rates of both ICC and ECC increased in most countries. The largest ASR increases over the study period occurred in Latvia (AAPC, 20.1%) and China (AAPC, 11.1%) for ICC and in Thailand (AAPC, 8.8%) and Colombia (AAPC, 8.5%) for ECC. Conclusions: In the 20 years examined, ICC and ECC incidence increased in the majority of countries worldwide. ICC and ECC incidence may continue to increase because of metabolic and infectious etiologic factors. Efforts to further elucidate risk factors contributing to these increases in incidence are warranted.
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Incidence rates in formerly low-risk countries, most countries across Europe, North America, Australia/New Zealand, and South America, have increased or stabilized at a higher level in recent years, possibly in part because of increasing prevalence of metabolic risk factors, such as excess body weight, diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and alcohol consumption.
“Likewise, incidence rates in formerly low-risk countries, most countries across Europe, North America, Australia/New Zealand, and South America have increased or stabilized at a higher level in recent years, 125,128 possibly in part because of increasing prevalence of metabolic risk factors, such as excess body weight, diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and alcohol consumption.”
From Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. (2024) · cites this paper as [128]
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- Authors
- Florio, A. A., Ferlay, J., Znaor, A., Ruggieri, D., Alvarez, C. S., Laversanne, M., Bray, F., McGlynn, K. A., & Petrick, J. L.
- Affiliations
- National Cancer Institute (US)
- Centre international de recherche sur le cancer (FR)
- Information Management Services (US)
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute Bethesda Maryland
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Petrick, Jessica L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cancer
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2020-03-04
- Volume
- 126
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2666-2678
- ISSN
- 0008-543X (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0142
- PMC
- PMC7323858
- OpenAlex
- W3009424821
- Cited by
- 304
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 14
- FWCI
- 35.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cancer (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Cancer Institute
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cholangiocarcinoma and Gallbladder Cancer Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pediatric Hepatobiliary Diseases and Treatments
- Keywords
- intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, cancer incidence trends, age-standardized incidence rate, global cancer incidence, age-period-cohort analysis, birth cohort effects, risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Bile Duct Neoplasms, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Time Factors, Incidence, Cholangiocarcinoma
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