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Informing etiologic research priorities for squamous cell esophageal cancer in Africa: A review of setting‐specific exposures to known and putative risk factors
Open accessAbstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common cancers in most Eastern and Southern African countries, but its etiology has been understudied to date. To inform its research agenda, we undertook a review to identify, of the ESCC risk factors which have been established or strongly suggested worldwide, those with a high prevalence or high exposure levels in any ESCC‐affected African setting and the sources thereof. We found that for almost all ESCC risk factors known to date, including tobacco, alcohol, hot beverage consumption, nitrosamines and both inhaled and ingested PAHs, there is evidence of population groups with raised exposures, the sources of which vary greatly between cultures across the ESCC corridor. Research encompassing these risk factors is warranted and is likely to identify primary prevention strategies.
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In higher HDI settings, smoking and alcohol are major risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus; whereas, in lower HDI settings, the risk factors are yet to be uncovered.
“In higher HDI settings, smoking and alcohol are major risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma; whereas, in lower HDI settings, the risk factors are yet to be uncovered.175”
From Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. (2024) · cites this paper as [175]
The Introduction (page unavailable) lists tobacco and alcohol among established ESCC risk factors, and the Discussion (page unavailable) says another dominant factor may remain unidentified in the African ESCC corridor. But the paper does not say that risk factors in lower-HDI settings are wholly unknown: it reports associations with tobacco smoking in several African countries and identifies other factors for investigation. It also does not explicitly frame the contrast by HDI. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Sung, H., Ferlay, J., Siegel, R. L., Laversanne, M., Soerjomataram, I., Jemal, A., & Bray, F. (2021) · CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/caac.21660 · Cited by 108,699
Bray, F., Ferlay, J., Soerjomataram, I., Siegel, R. L., Torre, L. A., & Jemal, A. (2018) · CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/caac.21492 · Cited by 84,109
Bray, F., Laversanne, M., Sung, H., Ferlay, J., Siegel, R. L., Soerjomataram, I., & Jemal, A. (2024) · CA: a cancer journal for clinicians · doi:10.3322/caac.21834 · Cited by 27,064
Metadata
- Authors
- McCormack, V. A., Menya, D., Munishi, M. O., Dzamalala, C., Gasmelseed, N., Leon Roux, M., Assefa, M., Osano, O., Watts, M., Mwasamwaja, A. O., Mmbaga, B. T., Murphy, G., Abnet, C. C., Dawsey, S. M., & Schüz, J.
- Affiliations
- Centre international de recherche sur le cancer (FR)
- Moi University (KE)
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute Moshi Tanzania
- University of Malawi (MW)
- University of Hafr Al-Batin (SA)
- Section of Environment and Radiation International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Lyon France
- Addis Ababa University (ET)
- University of Eldoret (KE)
- British Geological Survey (GB)
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (TZ)
- National Cancer Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- McCormack, V.A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Cancer
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-08-24
- Volume
- 140
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 259-271
- ISSN
- 0020-7136 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0215
- PMC
- PMC5763498
- OpenAlex
- W2498679987
- Cited by
- 152
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 11
- FWCI
- 2.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Cancer (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- NERC Open Research Archive (Natural Environment Research Council) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- IARC
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Esophageal Cancer Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Otorhinolaryngology › Head and Neck Cancer Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Esophageal and GI Pathology
- Keywords
- esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, cancer etiology, risk factors, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, exposure sources, Eastern and Southern Africa, primary prevention, research priorities
- MeSH terms
- Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Africa, Animals, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell, Esophageal Neoplasms, Humans, Risk Factors, Prevalence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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