The DOI matches its Crossref record; 97 of the 97 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Etiology of preschool behavior problems: Contributions of temperament attributes in early childhood
Abstract
The present study was conducted to examine the contributions of early appearing temperament attributes to toddler and preschool‐age behavior problems. High levels of negative emotionality and low levels of effortful control were linked to both externalizing and internalizing difficulties. All fine‐grained dimensions of negative affect were concurrently associated with internalizing problems whereas relations between components of negative affect and externalizing were observed only for frustration, sadness, and low falling reactivity. Higher surgency was associated with increased risk for externalizing behaviors whereas low surgency increased the likelihood of internalizing problems. Trait‐by‐trait moderation occurred, such that negative emotionality was most closely related to behavior problems when orienting/regulatory capacity or effortful control was low or when infant surgency was high. Results of this study have implications for theory linking temperament and psychopathology, and clinical applications utilizing temperament assessment to prevent behavior problems.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-3352 · Cited by 36,654
A Handbook of Child Psychology
(1932) · Nature · doi:10.1038/130331a0 · Cited by 10,101
Testing moderator and mediator effects in counseling psychology research.
Frazier, P. A., Tix, A. P., & Barron, K. E. (2004) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.51.1.115 · Cited by 4,037
(1982) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,951
Parental Psychological Control: Revisiting a Neglected Construct
Barber, B. K. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131780 · Cited by 2,629
Parental Psychological Control: Revisiting a Neglected Construct
Barber, B. K. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01915.x · Cited by 2,619
Investigations of Temperament at Three to Seven Years: The Children's Behavior Questionnaire
Rothbart, M. K., Ahadi, S. A., Hershey, K. L., & Fisher, P. (2001) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00355 · Cited by 2,424
Self-citationEysenck, H. J. (1983) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(83)90055-4 · Cited by 2,386
Studer, M. M., Asher, S. R., & Coie, J. D. (1991) · Contemporary Sociology · doi:10.2307/2071877 · Cited by 2,253
Social, emotional, and personality development
Eisenberg, N., & Damon, W. (1998) · Wiley eBooks · Cited by 1,903
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- Calkins S.D., 2006, Comprehensive handbook of personality and psychopathology, 64
- Gartstein M.A. Young B. &Bridgett D.(2008 October). Exploring infant and parent contributions to effortful control in early childhood. Paper presented at the 17th Occasional Temperament Conference San Rafael CA.
- 10.1037/0012-1649.35.1.189 · DOI
- 10.1037/0022-006X.62.5.1000 · DOI
- Norusis M.J., 1994, SPSS professional statistics 6.1
- Patterson G.R., 1998, Human emotions: A reader, 330
- Putnam S.P., 2001, Advances/proceedings in research on temperament, 165
- 10.1037/0021-843X.103.1.55 · DOI · Paper page
- Rothbart M.K., 2005, Handbook of competence & motivation, 167
Cited by
Van den Bergh, B. R. H., van den Heuvel, M. I., Lahti, M., Braeken, M., de Rooij, S. R., Entringer, S., Hoyer, D., Roseboom, T., Räikkönen, K., King, S., et al. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.07.003 · Cited by 1,181
Putnam, S. P., Helbig, A. L., Gartstein, M. A., Rothbart, M. K., & Leerkes, E. (2014) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2013.841171 · Cited by 580
Self-citationGut microbiome composition is associated with temperament during early childhood
Christian, L. M., Galley, J. D., Hade, E. M., Schoppe-Sullivan, S., Kamp Dush, C., & Bailey, M. T. (2015) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2014.10.018 · Cited by 191
Implications of newborn amygdala connectivity for fear and cognitive development at 6-months-of-age
Graham, A. M., Buss, C., Rasmussen, J. M., Rudolph, M. D., Demeter, D. V., Gilmore, J. H., Styner, M., Entringer, S., Wadhwa, P. D., & Fair, D. A. (2016) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.09.006 · Cited by 122
“Based on revious work examining the interplay between fear and cognitive kills (Crockenberg and Leerkes, 2006; Gartstein et al., 2012), we ropose that this phenotype may be indicative of a healthy developental trajectory in which robust development of fear is balanced y parallel cognitive…”
Provenzi, L., Grumi, S., Altieri, L., Bensi, G., Bertazzoli, E., Biasucci, G., Cavallini, A., Decembrino, L., Falcone, R., Freddi, A., et al. (2023) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421000766 · Cited by 99
Metadata
- Authors
- Gartstein, M. A., Putnam, S. P., & Rothbart, M. K.
- Venue
- Infant Mental Health Journal
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-03
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 197-211
- ISSN
- 0163-9641 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0355
- OpenAlex
- W2139230802
- Cited by
- 305
- References
- 97
- FWCI
- 15.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Etiology of preschool behavior problems: Contributions of temperament attributes in early childhood. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1002/imhj.21312
- The paper
- Gartstein, M. A., Putnam, S. P., & Rothbart, M. K. (2012). Etiology of preschool behavior problems: Contributions of temperament attributes in early childhood. Infant Mental Health Journal. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21312
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
