Medical Licensing Examinations in the United States

Assessment of clinical skills with standardized patients: State of the art

van der Vleuten, C. P. M., & Swanson, D. B. (1990) · Teaching and Learning in Medicine · doi:10.1080/10401339009539432 · Cited by 579 · see citing works

Performance-Based Assessment: Lessons From the Health Professions

Swanson, D. B., Norman, G. R., & Linn, R. L. (1995) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x024005005 · Cited by 287 · see citing works

An objective structured clinical examination for the licentiate

Reznick, R. K., Smee, S. N., Rothman, A., Chalmers, A., Swanson, D. B., Dufresne, L., Lacombe, G., Baumber, J. S., Poldre, P. A., & Levasseur, L. (1992) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00001888-199208000-00001 · Cited by 123 · see citing works

Innovative Simulations for Assessing Professional Competence

McGaghie, W. C., Tekian, A. S., & Ch, M. (1999) · Cited by 83 · see citing works

Clinical Skills Assessment with Standardized Patients in High-Stakes Tests: A Framework for Thinking about Score Precision, Equating, and Security

Swanson, D. B., Clauser, B. E., & Case, S. M. (1999) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1023/a:1009862220473 · Cited by 61 · see citing works

Medical licensure and discipline in the United States

Derbyshire, R. C. (1978) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 47 · see citing works

The Introduction of Computer-based Case Simulations into the United States Medical Licensing Examination

Dillon, G. F., Clyman, S. G., Clauser, B. E., & Margolis, M. J. (2002) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00001888-200210001-00029 · Cited by 43 · see citing works

Measuring medical education : the tests and the experience of the National Board of Medical Examiners

Hubbard, J. P. (1978) · Lea & Febiger eBooks · Cited by 42 · see citing works

The Generalizability of Scores for a Performance Assessment Scored with a Computer‐Automated Scoring System

Clauser, B. E., Harik, P., & Clyman, S. G. (2000) · Journal of Educational Measurement · doi:10.1111/j.1745-3984.2000.tb01085.x · Cited by 38 · see citing works

“High‐stakes”; testing of medical students using standardized patients

KLASS, D. J. (1994) · Teaching and Learning in Medicine · doi:10.1080/10401339409539639 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Assessing the impacts of intra-site and inter-site checklist recording discrepancies on the reliability of scores obtained in a nationally administered standardized patient examination

Champlain, A. F. D., MACMILLAN, M. K., King, A., KLASS, D. J., & Margolis, M. J. (1999) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00001888-199910000-00038 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

The National Board of Medical Examiners : the first seventy years : a continuing commitment to excellence

Hubbard, J. P., & Levit, E. J. (1985) · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Institutional Logics and Institutional Pluralism: The Contestation of Care and Science Logics in Medical Education, 1967–2005

Dunn, M. B., & Jones, C. (2010) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2189/asqu.2010.55.1.114 · Cited by 855 · see citing works

Simulation-based Assessment in Anesthesiology

Boulet, J. R., Murray, D. J., & Warner, D. S. (2010) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0b013e3181cea265 · Cited by 178 · see citing works

Simulations in the United States Medical Licensing ExaminationTM (USMLETM)

Dillon, G. F. (2004) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/qhc.13.suppl_1.i41 · Cited by 98 · see citing works

Summative Assessment in Medicine: The Promise of Simulation for High‐stakes Evaluation

Boulet, J. R. (2008) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2008.00228.x · Cited by 94 · see citing works

Student evaluations of teaching and the development of a comprehensive measure of teaching effectiveness for medical schools

Constantinou, C., & Wijnen‐Meijer, M. (2022) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-022-03148-6 · Cited by 93 · see citing works

The Use of Standardized Patient Assessments for Certification and Licensure Decisions

Boulet, J. R., Smee, S. M., Dillon, G. F., & Gimpel, J. R. (2009) · Simulation in Healthcare The Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare · doi:10.1097/sih.0b013e318182fc6c · Cited by 93 · see citing works

Scoring standardized patient examinations: lessons learned from the development and administration of the ECFMG Clinical Skills Assessment (CSA®)

Whelan, G. P., Boulet, J. R., McKinley, D. W., Norcini, J. J., van Zanten, M., Hambleton, R. K., Burdick, W. P., & Peitzman, S. J. (2005) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/01421590500126296 · Cited by 91 · see citing works

Role of Simulation in US Physician Licensure and Certification

Levine, A. I., Schwartz, A. D., Bryson, E. O., & DeMaria, S. (2012) · Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine A Journal of Translational and Personalized Medicine · doi:10.1002/msj.21291 · Cited by 68 · see citing works

The impact of large scale licensing examinations in highly developed countries: a systematic review

Archer, J. C., Lynn, N., Coombes, L., Roberts, M. J., Gale, T. C. E., Price, T., & de Bere, S. R. (2016) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-016-0729-7 · Cited by 61 · see citing works

Kompetenzorientiert prüfen im Staatsexamen Medizin

Jünger, J. (2018) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-017-2668-9 · Cited by 47 · see citing works

Associations Between United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) and Internal Medicine In-Training Examination (IM-ITE) Scores

McDonald, F. S., Zeger, S. L., & Kolars, J. C. (2008) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-008-0641-x · Cited by 40 · see citing works

On Step 1 Mania, USMLE Score Reporting, and Financial Conflict of Interest at the National Board of Medical Examiners

Carmody, J. B., & Rajasekaran, S. K. (2019) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000003126 · Cited by 39 · see citing works

Automated Scoring with Validity in Mind

Bejar, I. I., Mislevy, R. J., & Zhang, M. (2016) · John Wiley & Sons, Inc. eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118956588.ch10 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Why Your Doctor Didn’t Go to Class: Student Culture, High-Stakes Testing, and Novel Coupling Configurations in an Allopathic Medical School

Everitt, J. G., Johnson, J. M., & Burr, W. H. (2022) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/00221465221118584 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

The Past, Present, and Future of the United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 2 Clinical Skills Examination

Tsichlis, J. T., Re, A. M. D., & Carmody, J. B. (2021) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.17157 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Standard Setting Methods in Medical Education

Champlain, A. F. D. (2018) · doi:10.1002/9781119373780.ch24 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Mandatory certification of forensic science practitioners in the United States: A supportive perspective

Melbourn, H., Smith, G., McFarland, J., Rogers, M., Wieland, K., DeWilde, D., Lighthart, S., Quinn, M., Baxter, A., & Quarino, L. (2019) · Forensic Science International Synergy · doi:10.1016/j.fsisyn.2019.08.001 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Ensuring that the competent are truly competent: an overview of common methods and procedures used to set standards on high-stakes examinations

Champlain, A. D. (2004) · Journal of Veterinary Medical Education · doi:10.3138/jvme.31.1.61 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Multiple-Choice Tests: A–Z in Best Writing Practices

Gupta, V., Williams, E. R., & Wadhwa, R. (2021) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2021.03.008 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Proposed changes to the United States Medical Licensing Examination: impact on curricula and libraries

Kies, S. M., & Shultz, M. (2010) · Journal of the Medical Library Association JMLA · doi:10.3163/1536-5050.98.1.007 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Standard setting methods in medical education

Champlain, A. F. D. (2013) · doi:10.1002/9781118472361.ch22 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Commentary: Granting Medical Licensure, Honoring the Americans With Disabilities Act, and Protecting the Public: Can We Do All Three?

Altchuler, S. I. (2009) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0b013e3181a3db32 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Bias in student evaluations of teaching in undergraduate medical education: a qualitative study from a medical school in Northern China

Li, Y., Sun, C., Wang, Y., Chi, H., Tang, H., Ma, M., Wei, L., Zhong, L., Li, J., Wei, K., et al. (2025) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-025-07300-w · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Examining healthcare institutions by bringing qualitative data from two eras into empirical dialogue

Everitt, J. G., Johnson, J. M., Burr, W. H., & Shanower, S. H. (2020) · Ethnography · doi:10.1177/1466138120913062 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Toward Safer Diagnoses: A SEIPS-Based Narrative Review of Diagnostic Errors

Yen, C., Epling, J. W., Rockwell, M., & Vaughn-Cooke, M. (2026) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics16020347 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

The national licentiate examination: Pros and cons

Singh, T., & Mahajan, R. (2017) · The National Medical Journal of India · doi:10.4103/0970-258x.234397 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Using Simulation for Primary Certification

Banerjee, A. (2015) · International Anesthesiology Clinics · doi:10.1097/aia.0000000000000078 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Knowledge-to-Jailbreak: Investigating Knowledge-driven Jailbreaking Attacks for Large Language Models

Tu, S., Pan, Z., Wang, W., Zhang, Z., Sun, Y., Yu, J., Wang, H., Hou, L., & Li, J. (2025) · ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD) · doi:10.1145/3711896.3737014 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Student perception regarding using of MCQ’s (multiple choice questions) as a classroom assessment technique.

Ahmed, S., Qamar, N., Mansoori, N., & Bano, S. (2020) · The Professional Medical Journal · doi:10.29309/tpmj/2019.27.01.3204 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

The Use of Patient Simulations to Teach and Assess Clinical Competencies in Colleges of Podiatric Medicine: A Survey of US Podiatric Medical Schools

Errichetti, A. M., Eckles, R., Beto, J. A., Gross, G. A., & Lorion, A. E. (2022) · Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association · doi:10.7547/20-077 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Comparison of Medical students' preparation for the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 before and after transition to Pass/Fail

Prasad, S. A., Perez, C., & Carnevale, K. J. F. (2025) · MedEdPublish · doi:10.12688/mep.19975.3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Medical students' perspective on the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 transition to Pass/Fail

Prasad, S. A., Perez, C., & Carnevale, K. J. F. (2024) · MedEdPublish · doi:10.12688/mep.19975.1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Revisiting the Utility of U.S. Medical Licensing Examination Step 3

Earle, W., O’Loughlin, L., & Smith, C. C. (2023) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m23-0695 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

The White-Coat Dilemma: Are Collaborative Practices the Answer to the Primary Care Shortage?

Murthy, K. K. (2012) · Digital Commons @ UNT Health Science Center

Computer Based Examination: The Need of the Time at DUHS

Rahman, A. U., & Aly, S. M. (2012) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)

In Support of the Care Bill: The Needs for Federally Mandated Minimum Education Standards in Diagnostic Medical Sonography

Barwick, L. A., & Having, K. M. (2009) · OpenSIUC (Southern Illinois University Carbondale)

An Analysis on the Characteristics of the Items in Paper Based Test (PBT) and Smart Device Based Test (SBT) - Focused on the Optician National Board Examination

Kim, E. J., & Jang, J. U. (2021) · International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology for Education · doi:10.21742/ijcsite.2021.6.1.03

Bibliography

(2021) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/11765.003.0010

Notes

(2021) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/11765.003.0009

Integration of the USMLE (United States License Examination) training system into the Curriculum Fergana Medical Institute of Public Health

Saydaliev, S. B. (2023) · E3S Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202345207006

Introducing a National Licensing Examination: the case of Ethiopian Associate Clinician Anesthetists

Asemu, Y. M. (2024) · doi:10.5463/thesis.593

Navigating Discordance: Assessing Varied Applications of the American Academy of Periodontology In-Service Examination in Postdoctoral Programs

Darcey, C., Soh, M. Y., & Meyer, H. S. (2024) · MedEdPublish · doi:10.12688/mep.20169.1

Dental Licensure Examinations

Phipps, G. S. (1981) · The Journal of the American Dental Association · doi:10.14219/jada.archive.1981.0078

Licensure Examinations

Whitman-Bartine, D. (1981) · The Journal of the American Dental Association · doi:10.14219/jada.archive.1981.0171

Examination, “Is that all there is” to medical licensing?

Casterline, R. L. (1972) · Journal of Dental Education · doi:10.1002/j.0022-0337.1972.36.10.tb00592.x

Medical Education and State License Examinations.

Potter, W. W. (1897) · PubMed Central

Dental education and board examinations in the U.S.

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