Cited by 451Grief, Bereavement, and Mental HealthDeath, Funerary Practices, and MourningReligion, Spirituality, and Psychology

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Grief and bereavement: what psychiatrists need to know

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ZISOOK, SIDNEY, SHEAR, KATHERINE·2009·World Psychiatry

DOI 10.1002/j.2051-5545.2009.tb00217.xPMC PMC2691160

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Abstract

THIS REVIEW COVERS FOUR AREAS OF CLINICAL IMPORTANCE TO PRACTICING PSYCHIATRISTS: a) symptoms and course of uncomplicated (normal) grief; b) differential diagnosis, clinical characteristics and treatment of complicated grief; c) differential diagnosis, clinical characteristics and treatment of grief-related major depression; and d) psychiatrists' reactions to patient suicides. Psychiatrists often are ill prepared to identify complicated grief and grief-related major depression, and may not always be trained to identify or provide the most appropriate course of treatment. Both conditions overlap with symptoms found in ordinary, uncomplicated grief, and often are written off as "normal" with the faulty assumption that time, strength of character and the natural support system will heal. While uncomplicated grief may be extremely painful, disruptive and consuming, it is usually tolerable and self-limited and does not require formal treatment. However, both complicated grief and grief-related major depression can be persistent and gravely disabling, can dramatically interfere with function and quality of life, and may even be life threatening in the absence of treatment; and both usually respond to targeted psychiatric interventions. In addition, patient suicide has been reported as one of the most frequent and stressful crises experienced by health providers, and psychiatrists are not immune to complicated grief or grief-related depression when they, themselves, become survivors. Thus, it is essential for psychiatrists to recognize their own vulnerabilities to the personal assaults that often accompany such losses, not only for their own mental health and well-being, but also to provide the most sensitive and enlightened care to their patients.

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“While it is often an acute grief reaction or a grief that lasts from one year to several years, some cases of grief can persist for years in the form of complicated grief [54].”
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“Opponents and proponents each argue they are upholding a professional obligation to protect the public based on policy implications of the bereavement exclusion criterion (Wakefield, 2013; Zisook & Shear, 2009).”
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“According to Zisook & Shear (2009), the term bereavement refers to a person’s reaction to a loss by death, grief is the emotional and/or psychological reaction to a significant loss (not necessarily limited to loss by death), and mourning is the social expression of grief or bereavement and is…”
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“As explained further, grief relates to the over-Figure all human responses towards a loss which constitute emotional, cognitive, behavioral and functional processes (Zisook & Shear, 2009).”

Authors: ZISOOK, S., & SHEAR, K.
Affiliations: University of California San Diego (US)
ORCID: ZISOOK, SIDNEY
Venue: World Psychiatry
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2009-06
Volume: 8
Issue: 2
Pages: 67-74
ISSN: 1723-8617 (ISSN-L)
2051-5545
DOI: 10.1002/j.2051-5545.2009.tb00217.x
PMC: PMC2691160
OpenAlex: W1495198831
Semantic Scholar: 84d101b3e06ad49e4d800b6e58086f4f836be83f
Cited by: 451
References: 64
Citations by year: 2026: 34 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 21
FWCI: 16.24
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 1380 d)
Locations: World Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
Keywords: complicated grief, normal grief, bereavement, suicide, differential diagnosis, grief therapy

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Grief and bereavement: what psychiatrists need to know

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