Consensus criteria for traumatic grief: A preliminary empirical test
Abstract
Background: Studies suggest that symptoms of traumatic grief constitute a distinct syndrome worthy of diagnosis. Aims: A consensus conference aimed to develop and test a criteria set for traumatic grief. Method: The expert panel proposed consensus criteria for traumatic grief. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analyses tested the performance of the proposed criteria on 306 widowed respondents at seven months post-loss. Results: ROC analyses indicated that three of four separation distress symptoms (e.g. yearning, searching, loneliness) had to be endorsed as at least ‘sometimes true’ and four of the final eight traumatic distress symptoms (e.g. numbness, disbelief, distrust, anger, sense of futility about the future) had to be endorsed as at least ‘mostly true’ to yield a sensitivity of 0.93 and a specificity of 0.93 for a diagnosis of traumatic grief. Conclusions: Preliminary analyses suggest the consensus criteria for traumatic grief have satisfactory operating characteristics, and point to directions for further refinement of the criteria set.
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Empirical studies have concluded that people with severe grief symptoms persisting beyond 6 months typically have ongoing difficulties in functioning at later assessment.
“Empirical studies that have considered this question have concluded that people with severe grief symptoms persisting beyond 6 months typically have ongoing difficulties in functioning at later assessment 83,84 .”
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- Authors
- Prigerson, H. G., Shear, M. K., Jacobs, S. C., Reynolds, C. F., Maciejewski, P. K., Davidson, J. R. T., Rosenheck, R., Pilkonis, P. A., Wortman, C. B., Williams, J. B. W., Widiger, T. A., Frank, E., Kupfer, D. J., & Zisook, S.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
- Corresponding author
- Prigerson, Holly G.
- ORCID
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 1999-01
- Volume
- 174
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 67-73
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2017185769
- Cited by
- 561
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 15.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-01100, MH-31904, MH-37869, R01MH037869)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
- Keywords
- traumatic grief, bereavement, widowhood, diagnostic criteria, separation distress, longing, numbness, disbelief, distrust, anger, loneliness, sensitivity and specificity
- MeSH terms
- Grief, Humans, ROC Curve, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Psychological, Wounds and Injuries
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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