The DOI matches its Crossref record; 25 of the 26 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Social Cognitive Framework for Career Choice Counseling
Abstract
This article extends social cognitive career theory by suggesting how several of its major hypotheses can be applied to counseling persons with career choice difficulties. Several theory‐derived counseling strategies are described that can be used to assist clients in developing a broad array of career options, analyzing and overcoming barriers to career choice, and counteracting choice‐limiting self‐efficacy beliefs. Each strategy is illustrated with a case example. Future research needs related to the counseling model are discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) is a theoretical framework from the discipline of career counseling that illuminates how learning experiences like undergraduate research experiences (UREs) can impact career ambitions (Brown & Lent, 1996;Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994, 2000).”
From Cultivating minority scientists: Undergraduate research increases self-efficacy and career ambitions for underrepresented students in STEM: MENTORED UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH AT A MSI (2017) · cites this paper as Brown & Lent, 1996
In the citing paper
“Brown and Lent (1996) point out that student beliefs about various careers may be faulty and that, as a result, individuals may eliminate some career options prematurely.”
From Cultivating minority scientists: Undergraduate research increases self-efficacy and career ambitions for underrepresented students in STEM: MENTORED UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH AT A MSI (2017) · cites this paper as Brown & Lent, 1996
Citations
Cites
Toward a Unifying Social Cognitive Theory of Career and Academic Interest, Choice, and Performance.
Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (1994) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1006/jvbe.1994.1027 · Cited by 7,715
Self-citationMaking Vocational Choices: A Theory of Vocational Personalities and Work Environments
Holland, J. L. (1973) · Cited by 4,990
A self-efficacy approach to the career development of women
Hackett, G., & Betz, N. E. (1981) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/0001-8791(81)90019-1 · Cited by 1,603
The Career psychology of women
Betz, N. E., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (1987) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 748
The Meaning of Work in Women's Lives A Sociopsychological Model of Career Choice and Work Behavior
Astin, H. S. (1984) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000084124002 · Cited by 394
Some attitudinal barriers to occupational aspirations in women.
O’Leary, V. E. (1974) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0037267 · Cited by 318
The effects of mathematics task performance on math self-efficacy and task interest
Campbell, N. K., & Hackett, G. (1986) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/0001-8791(86)90048-5 · Cited by 204
Betz, N. E., Harmon, L. W., & Borgen, F. H. (1996) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.43.1.90 · Cited by 184
Leong, F. T. L., & Chou, E. L. (1994) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1006/jvbe.1994.1011 · Cited by 167
Bolton, F. E. (2015) · Charles Scribner's Sons eBooks · doi:10.1037/14791-022 · Cited by 152
Research works printed but not linked: 14
- Bandura A., 1986, Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory
- Bennett G. K., 1990, Differential Aptitude Tests, fifth edition
- Campbell D., 1989, Manual for the Campbell Interest and Skill Survey
- Dawis R. V., 1987, Minnesota Occupational Classification System III
- Dawis R. V., 1984, A psychological theory of work adjustment
- 10.1037/0022-0167.37.2.169 · DOI
- Harmon L. W., 1977, Psychotherapy for women
- Harmon L. W., 1994, Applications and technical guide to the Strong Interest Inventory
- Janis I. L., 1977, Decision making
- Mitchell L. K., 1990, Career choice and development: Applying contemporary theories to practice, 145
- Osipow S. H., 1989, The Task Specific Scale of Self‐Efficacy
- Rounds J. B., 1981, Manual for the Minnesota Importance Questionnaire
- U.S. Department of Labor., 1970, Manual for the General Aptitude Test Battery
- U.S. Department of Labor., 1981, Selected characteristics of occupations defined in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 381
Kim, K.-M., & 이희정 (2010) · Korea Journal of Counseling · doi:10.15703/kjc.11.2.201006.623 · Cited by 7
A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Negative Career Thoughts
Lee, D., Peterson, G. W., Sampson, J. P., & Park, M. (2015) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/1069072715616112 · Cited by 7
Mitcham, M. (2005) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research · Cited by 7
Geropsychology career pipeline perceptions
Dorman, H. R., Strong, J. V., Tighe, C. A., Mast, B. T., & Allen, R. S. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23035 · Cited by 7
Konstruktivistische Ansätze in der Erwachsenenbildung und Weiterbildung
Gerstenmaier, J., & Mandl, H. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-19979-5_11 · Cited by 7
Chasing a Passion: The Early-Career Lived Experience of First-Generation College Graduates
Olson, J. S. (2010) · Cited by 6
Owen, F. K., & Çapan, B. E. (2017) · Hacettepe University Journal of Education · doi:10.16986/huje.2017032884 · Cited by 6
Career self-efficacy among undergraduate student in a public university
Mahmud, M. I., Chang, P. K., Othman, Z., & Amat, S. (2020) · Cited by 6
Informal Pathways to Engineering
Cardella, M., Wolsky, M., Paulsen, C. A., & Jones, T. R. (2020) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--19761 · Cited by 6
Rakaa, O. B., Bassiri, M., & Lotfi, S. (2024) · Physical Education Theory and Methodology · doi:10.17309/tmfv.2024.5.13 · Cited by 5
Niewolny, K. L., & Wilson, A. L. (2009) · New Prairie Press (Kansas State University) · Cited by 5
Chukwuedo, S. O., & Ohanu, I. B. (2022) · International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance · doi:10.1007/s10775-022-09551-1 · Cited by 5
Raelin, J. A., Bailey, M., Hamann, J., Whitman, D. L., Reisberg, R., & Pendleton, L. (2020) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--22575 · Cited by 5
Raelin, J. A., Bailey, M. B., Hamann, J., Reisberg, R., Whitman, D. L., & Pendleton, L. (2020) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--23135 · Cited by 5
GÜNEŞ, A., & Owen, F. K. (2020) · Pamukkale University Journal of Education · doi:10.9779/pauefd.705018 · Cited by 5
Career Development as Prevention
Brown, S. D., Lamp, K. E., Telander, K. J., & Hacker, J. D. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195396423.013.0024 · Cited by 5
Self-citationKonstruktivistische Ansätze in der Erwachsenenbildung und Weiterbildung
Gerstenmaier, J., & Mandl, H. (1999) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-322-99420-2_10 · Cited by 5
Academic Readiness and Career/Life Planning: A Collaborative Partnership Focused on Student Learning
Lindahl, S. J., Long, P. N., & Arnett, R. (2002) · Journal of Career Development · doi:10.1177/089484530202800402 · Cited by 6
Abu, K., Marfo, S., & Ngmenkpieo, F. (2023) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2023.2287913 · Cited by 4
Siddiqi, K. O., Rahman, M. H., Rahman, J., & Rãdulescu, M. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105631 · Cited by 14
Maynes, T. D., & Nishikawara, R. K. (2022) · Journal of Employment Counseling · doi:10.1002/joec.12202 · Cited by 9
Altuwaijri, A. E., Klakattawi, H. S., & Alsaggaf, I. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17072870 · Cited by 6
Emerging scholars: predictors of independent researcher identification in education PhD students
Albold, C. (2011) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) · Cited by 4
조규형, & Jyung, C.-Y. (2014) · Journal ofAgricultural Education and Human Resource Development · doi:10.23840/agehrd.2014.46.1.73 · Cited by 4
Exploring the Moderation of Meaning in Life in Barriers and Coping Efficacy Among Women
Marks, L. R., Tate, K. A., & Taylor, J. M. (2018) · Journal of Career Development · doi:10.1177/0894845318803193 · Cited by 4
Jongun, K., & 박성실 (2014) · Korea Journal of Counseling · doi:10.15703/kjc.15.1.201402.279 · Cited by 4
Women Pursuing Nontraditional Careers : A Social Cognitive Career Theory Perspective
Ericksen, J. A. (2013) · EngagedScholarship @ Cleveland State University (Cleveland State University) · Cited by 4
Chen, D., Johnson, U., Hull, D. M., & Reid, J. K. (2015) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/1069072715580416 · Cited by 4
Reisberg, R., Raelin, J. A., Bailey, M. B., Hamann, J., Whitman, D. L., & Pendleton, L. (2020) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--18697 · Cited by 4
Przyszłość zarządzania karierą
Strużyna, J. A., & Madej, E. (2005) · Zarządzanie Zasobami Ludzkimi · Cited by 4
Okamura, Y. (2008) · UC Research Repository (University of Canterbury) · doi:10.26021/9447 · Cited by 6
Austin, C. Y. (2009) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) · Cited by 4
The development of work self-efficacy in people with disabilities
Larson, A. B. (2008) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 4
LaMotte, E. (2016) · ProQuest Demo Repository · Cited by 4
Dabney, K. P. (2012) · doi:10.18130/v3xz9r · Cited by 4
Mangas, S. L., & Martín, M. Á. C. (1999) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · doi:10.1387/revpsicodidact.110 · Cited by 3
ÇARKIT, E. (2024) · International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance · doi:10.1007/s10775-024-09649-8 · Cited by 3
Beyond Traditional Pathways: Innovations in Career Counseling for the 21st Century
Alitabar, S. H. S., & Saberi, S. (2023) · KMAN Counseling and Psychology Nexus · doi:10.61838/kman.psychnexus.1.1.17 · Cited by 3
Coté, L. E., Doren, S. V., Zamora, A. N., Salcido, J. J., Law, E. W., Munoz, G. O., Manocha, A., Flood, C. L., & Baranger, A. M. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0317403 · Cited by 8
Sigurado Ka Na Ba? Exploring Career Uncertainty in Filipino College Students
Mattison, H. C. (2010) · Philippine Social Sciences Review · Cited by 3
A Review of Career Self-Efficacy Studies
Hirose, E. I. (1998) · The Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.5926/jjep1953.46.3_343 · Cited by 3
The Development and Validity of Career Barrier Inventory for College Students with Disabilities
Kim, W. H., & Kim, D. (2011) · Disability & Employment · doi:10.15707/disem.2011.21.2.001 · Cited by 3
Yoshinaga, M., Takeda, Y., & Kinoshita, I. (2017) · Global Journal of Community Psychology Practice · doi:10.7728/0502201402 · Cited by 3
What Motivational Processes Underpin Student Engagement with Employability? A Critical Review
Clements, A. J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-26342-3_5 · Cited by 3
Matsuoka, L. K., Chotai, P. N., Slaughter, J. C., Campbell, K., Kerr, A., Hamel, S., Garza, C., Alexopoulos, S. P., & Scanga, A. E. (2022) · Experimental and Clinical Transplantation · doi:10.6002/ect.2021.0343 · Cited by 3
Konstruktivistische Ansätze in der Erwachsenenbildung und Weiterbildung
Gerstenmaier, J., & Mandl, H. (2011) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-94165-3_10 · Cited by 3
Woods, K. E. (2009) · ThinkTech (Texas Tech University) · Cited by 3
Opt Out: Women with Children Leaving Mid-Level Student Affairs Positions.
Hebreard, D. (2010) · ScholarWorks - WMU (Western Michigan University) · Cited by 3
THE ROLE OF PERFECTIONISM IN PREDICTING VOCATIONAL OUTCOME EXPECTATIONS
Sarı, S. V. (2018) · Journal of International Social Research · doi:10.17719/jisr.20185537241 · Cited by 2
The Development and Validation of a Scale Measuring Postgraduate School Application Self-Efficacy
Rowe-Johnson, M., Rice, A. J., & Ali, S. R. (2020) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/1069072720974408 · Cited by 2
Career Counseling for International Students
Bulgan, G., & Çiftçi, A. (2018) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-3451-8.ch014 · Cited by 2
Predictors of Career Adaptability and Optimism of Senior Undergraduate Students
ZORVER, C. E., Owen, F. K., & Eren, S. U. N. A. (2022) · Hacettepe University Journal of Education · doi:10.16986/huje.2022.448 · Cited by 2
Samra, H. A., McGrath, J. M., & Estes, T. S. (2013) · Journal of Nursing Education · doi:10.3928/01484834-20130430-03 · Cited by 2
Kim, D., Kijyung, L., Kim, W. H., & Shin, J. (2011) · Korea Journal of Counseling · doi:10.15703/kjc.12.3.201106.915 · Cited by 2
이정애, & Choi, W. (2008) · Korea Journal of Counseling · doi:10.15703/kjc.9.1.200803.129 · Cited by 2
전연숙, & Kang, H. Y. (2009) · The Korean Journal of Woman Psychology · doi:10.18205/kpa.2009.14.3.006 · Cited by 2
Mutlu, T., & Owen, F. K. (2017) · Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.17755/esosder.289653 · Cited by 2
Estimation of vocational aptitudes using functional brain networks
Sung, Y., Kawachi, Y., Choi, U., Kang, D., Abe, C., Otomo, Y., & Ogawa, S. (2018) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24200 · Cited by 2
Senior High School Students’ Job Planning for the Future: What Factors Really Matter?
Iovu, M.-B. (2013) · Revista de Asistenţă Socială · Cited by 2
Engineering Major Discernment: A Model for Informing Students and Offering Choice
Brozina, C., & Meyers, K. L. (2020) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--32732 · Cited by 2
Konstruktivistische Ansätze in der Erwachsenenbildung und Weiterbildung
Gerstenmaier, J., & Mandl, H. (2010) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-92016-0_10 · Cited by 2
Pulliam, N. (2014) · ProQuest LLC eBooks · Cited by 2
Ferguson, S. L., Kluttz-Drye, B., & Hovey, K. A. (2019) · Journal of Research in Technical Careers · doi:10.9741/2578-2118.1046 · Cited by 2
Readiness and Challenges of Counsellor in Offering Gerontological Counselling in Malaysia
Adnan, H. A., Alavi, ., Hassan, A., & Mokhtar, D. M. M. (2020) · Creative Education · doi:10.4236/ce.2020.1112190 · Cited by 2
An Exploratory Study of the Career Decisions of African American and Hispanic Teachers.
Waller, J. (2010) · The Scholarship East Carolina University's Institutional Repository (East Carolina University) · Cited by 2
Along Ethnic Lines: A Quantitative Analysis of Football Athletes' Interest in Coaching as a Career
Bernhard, L. M. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/0tpb-4495 · Cited by 2
Miesch, J. J. (2011) · Scholars' Bank (University of Oregon) · Cited by 2
Career Cognitions among U.S. Adolescents in Military and Non-Military Families
Morrow, C. (2018) · Current Research in Psychology · doi:10.3844/crpsp.2018.1.12 · Cited by 1
Career Counseling for International Students
Bulgan, G., & Çiftçi, A. (2020) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-3432-8.ch051 · Cited by 1
Luo, T., & So, W. M. W. (2025) · International Journal of Technology and Design Education · doi:10.1007/s10798-025-10019-w · Cited by 1
Lam, B. Q., Tran, H. Y., & Phạm, M. (2025) · International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance · doi:10.1007/s10775-025-09775-x · Cited by 1
Barriers to the professional development of teachers working in public schools in Turkey
Zengin, M. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-06209-5 · Cited by 1
Zügge, T., & Höft, L. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-48542-9_1 · Cited by 1
Morgan, J. J., Lory, C., Taylor, J., Smith, A., & Ness, H. M. H. M. B.-V. (2026) · Teacher Education and Special Education The Journal of the Teacher Education Division of the Council for Exceptional Children · doi:10.1177/08884064251409649 · Cited by 1
Reasons for Career Change among Attendees of Retraining Courses
Awad, Y., Zoabi, K., & Abu-Rokon, S. (2014) · Cited by 1
Developing Undergraduate Projects in Multinational Teams to Enhance Employability
Escudeiro, N., Escudeiro, P. M., & Barata, A. (2011) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · doi:10.4122/1.1000054641 · Cited by 1
김경희 (2009) · Korea Journal of Counseling · doi:10.15703/kjc.10.2.200906.933 · Cited by 1
Glessner, K. I. (2016) · Digital Commons (Liberty University) · Cited by 1
The Relationship Between Gender and the Choice of Artistic Major: Based on SCCT Model
유나현, park, Y., & Lee, K.-H. (2007) · The Korean Journal of Woman Psychology · doi:10.18205/kpa.2007.12.3.007 · Cited by 1
Impact on Computing Attitudes and Career Intentions in a Common First Year Program Survey Course
Erdil, D. C., & Ronan, D. M. (2020) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--34760 · Cited by 1
Perceived Career Barriers Scale: Validation for a Lithuanian Sample
Sadauskaitė, R., & Kairys, A. (2021) · Psichologija · doi:10.15388/psichol.2021.46 · Cited by 1
Engineering Major Certainty: A Look at Major Discernment Initiatives Pre and Post
Meyers, K. L., & Goodrich, V. (2020) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--32731 · Cited by 1
Welding a Beginner's Metal Box: Crafting Simplicity and Functionality
Salvador, D. C. (2023) · International Journal of Advanced Research in Science Communication and Technology · doi:10.48175/ijarsct-11905 · Cited by 1
Factors Influencing the Motivation to Pursue a Career in Financial Planning*
Cull, M., Skultety, C., & Kumar, R. (2022) · Financial Planning Research Journal · doi:10.2478/fprj-2022-0003 · Cited by 1
STEM-Engineering Education with a Disadvantaged Student Group
Aydın, G., Saka, M., & Çakıroğlu, J. (2024) · Educational policy analysis and strategic research · doi:10.29329/epasr.2024.655.3 · Cited by 1
Kelly, R. R. (2010) · NCSU Libraries Repository (North Carolina State University Libraries) · Cited by 1
Jugar y aprender en la escuela
Alcobendas, M. T. L. (1997) · Communities in ADDI (University of the Basque Country) · Cited by 1
Daniels, L. F. (2012) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research · Cited by 1
Motivation and emotion in multicultural psychology.
Evans, K., Jang, D., & Elfenbein, H. A. (2013) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14189-014 · Cited by 1
Determining Persistence of Community College Students in Introductory Geology Classes.
Kraft, K. V. D. H. (2014) · ProQuest LLC eBooks · Cited by 1
Kim, J. H., 오명숙, & 정윤경 (2011) · Journal of Engineering Education Research · doi:10.18108/jeer.2011.14.1.49 · Cited by 1
Croyances d’efficacité, stéréotypes de sexe et choix professionnels
Steinbruckner, M.-L., & Lallemand, N. (2012) · Presses universitaires de Rennes eBooks · doi:10.4000/books.pur.61120 · Cited by 1
Ramírez, F. O. (2019) · CSUSB ScholarWorks (California State University, San Bernardino) · Cited by 1
Mohamed, W. H. W., Aziz, A. S. C. A., & Ramzi, N. A. M. (2023) · International Journal of Advanced Research in Education and Society · doi:10.55057/ijares.2023.5.3.7 · Cited by 1
Foster care parents' perceptions of their foster care youth's self-efficacy beliefs
Irizarry-Fonseca, L. O. (2011) · doi:10.17077/etd.d5nva4je · Cited by 1
Barriers to Higher Education for Rural High School Students: A Qualitative Study
Taylor, B. (2013) · ThinkTech (Texas Tech University) · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Brown, S. D., & Lent, R. W.
- Affiliations
- Loyola University Chicago (US)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Corresponding author
- Brown, Steven D.
- Venue
- The Career Development Quarterly
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1996-06
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 354-366
- ISSN
- 0889-4019 (ISSN-L)
- 2161-0045
- OpenAlex
- W2153163178
- Cited by
- 381
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 45.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Career Development Quarterly (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Career Development and Diversity
- Social Sciences › Education › Disability Education and Employment
- Social Sciences › Education › Higher Education and Employability
- Keywords
- social cognitive career theory, career paths, career barriers, self-efficacy, counseling techniques, career development
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review