Epidermal and dermal integration into sphere‐templated porous poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) implants in mice
Open accessAbstract
Percutaneous medical devices remain susceptible to infection and failure. We hypothesize that healing of the skin into the percutaneous device will provide a seal, preventing bacterial attachment, biofilm formation, and subsequent device failure. Porous poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) [poly(HEMA)] with sphere‐templated pores (40 μm) and interconnecting throats (16 μm) were implanted in normal C57BL/6 mice for 7, 14, and 28 days. Poly(HEMA) was either untreated, keeping the surface nonadhesive for cells and proteins, or modified with carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) or CDI reacted with laminin 332 to enhance adhesion. No clinical signs of infection were observed. Epidermal and dermal response within the poly(HEMA) pores was evaluated using light and transmission electron microscopy. Cells (keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, inflammatory cells) and basement membrane proteins (laminin 332, β4 integrin, type VII collagen) could be demonstrated within the poly(HEMA) pores of all implants. Blood vessels and dermal collagen bundles were evident in all of the 14‐ and 28‐day implants. Fibrous capsule formation and permigration were not observed. Sphere‐templated polymers with 40 μm pores demonstrate an ability to recapitulate key elements of both the dermal and the epidermal layers of skin. Our morphological findings indicate that the implant model can be used to study the effects of biomaterial pore size, pore interconnect (throat) size, and surface treatments on cutaneous biointegration. Further, this model may be used for bacterial challenge studies. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
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Materials with pores of 30-40 mm healed with minimal fibrosis and highest vascularity, and these pores were heavily infiltrated by macrophages but not foreign body giant cells.
“It was noted that those materials possessing pores of 30–40 mm healed with minimal fibrosis and the highest vascularity [149]. These pores were also found to be heavily infiltrated by macrophages, but not foreign body giant cells.”
From Macrophage polarization: an opportunity for improved outcomes in biomaterials and regenerative medicine (2012) · cites this paper as [149]
Porous biomaterials of the same composition as non-porous forms that elicit foreign body reaction and encapsulation heal with less encapsulation and more vascularity when implanted into dermis or cardiac tissues.
“Recent studies have demonstrated that porous biomaterials of the same composition as those which, in their non-porous form, elicit an FBR and encapsulation heal with less encapsulation and more vascularity when implanted into either the dermis or into cardiac tissues [147–149].”
From Macrophage polarization: an opportunity for improved outcomes in biomaterials and regenerative medicine (2012) · cites this paper as [149]
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
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“It was noted that thosematerials possessing pores of 30e40 mmhealedwithminimal fibrosis and the highest vascularity [149].”
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- Authors
- Fukano, Y., Usui, M. L., Underwood, R. A., Isenhath, S., Marshall, A. J., Hauch, K. D., Ratner, B. D., Olerud, J. E., & Fleckman, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Usui, M. L.
- Venue
- Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-08-02
- Volume
- 94A
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1172-1186
- ISSN
- 1549-3296 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-4965
- PMC
- PMC2998188
- OpenAlex
- W2042448131
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 7.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK 59221, R01DK059221)
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (EB-004422, R01EB004422)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Bone Tissue Engineering Materials
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications
- Keywords
- poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), laminin-5, bacterial adhesion, biofilm inhibition, basement membrane proteins, ITGB4, type VII collagen, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, implant-associated infection
- MeSH terms
- Epidermal Cells, Animals, Epidermis, Immunohistochemistry, Macrophages, Methacrylates, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Phenotype, Porosity, Tissue Fixation, Implants, Experimental, Dermis, Mice
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