Quantifying the effect of pore size and surface treatment on epidermal incorporation into percutaneously implanted sphere‐templated porous biomaterials in mice
Open accessAbstract
The sinus between skin and a percutaneous medical device is often a portal for infection. Epidermal integration into an optimized porous biomaterial could seal this sinus. In this study, we measured epithelial ingrowth into rods of sphere‐templated porous poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) implanted percutaneously in mice. The rods contained spherical 20‐, 40‐, or 60‐μm pores with and without surface modification. Epithelial migration was measured 3, 7, and 14 days post‐implantation utilizing immunohistochemistry for pankeratins and image analysis. Our global results showed average keratinocyte migration distances of 81 ± 16.85 μm (SD). Migration was shorter through 20‐μm pores (69.32 ± 21.73) compared with 40 and 60 μm (87.04 ± 13.38 μm and 86.63 ± 8.31 μm, respectively). Migration was unaffected by 1,1′ carbonyldiimidazole surface modification without considering factors of pore size and healing duration. Epithelial integration occurred quickly showing an average migration distance of 74.13 ± 12.54 μm after 3 days without significant progression over time. These data show that the epidermis closes the sinus within 3 days, migrates into the biomaterial (an average of 11% of total rod diameter), and stops. This process forms an integrated epithelial collar without evidence of marsupialization or permigration. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A:, 2011.
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Porous biomaterials of the same composition as non-porous forms that elicit foreign body reaction and encapsulation heal with less encapsulation and more vascularity when implanted into dermis or cardiac tissues.
“Recent studies have demonstrated that porous biomaterials of the same composition as those which, in their non-porous form, elicit an FBR and encapsulation heal with less encapsulation and more vascularity when implanted into either the dermis or into cardiac tissues [147–149].”
From Macrophage polarization: an opportunity for improved outcomes in biomaterials and regenerative medicine (2012) · cites this paper as [147]
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- Authors
- Underwood, R. A., Usui, M. L., Zhao, G., Hauch, K. D., Takeno, M. M., Ratner, B. D., Marshall, A. J., Shi, X., Olerud, J. E., & Fleckman, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Healionics (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Underwood, Robert A.
- Venue
- Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-06-16
- Volume
- 98A
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 499-508
- ISSN
- 1549-3296 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-4965
- PMC
- PMC4684638
- OpenAlex
- W2093468353
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 3.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (T32AR007019)
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (EB-004422, R01EB004422)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Bone Tissue Engineering Materials
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Wound Healing and Treatments
- Keywords
- epithelial cell migration, keratinocyte migration, pore size, surface modification, carbonyldiimidazole, poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), percutaneous implantation, infection control, marsupialization
- MeSH terms
- Epidermal Cells, Animals, Biocompatible Materials, Cell Movement, Epidermis, Male, Materials Testing, Methacrylates, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Surface Properties, Keratinocytes, Porosity, Implants, Experimental, Mice
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