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Brief treatment for elementary school children with disaster‐related posttraumatic stress disorder: A field study
Abstract
Effective psychological intervention is needed to help children recover from disaster‐related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This controlled study evaluated the effectiveness of a brief intervention for disaster‐related PTSD. At one‐year follow‐up of a prior intervention for disaster‐related symptoms, some previously treated children were still suffering significant trauma symptoms. Using a randomized lagged‐groups design, we provided three sessions of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) treatment to 32 of these children who met clinical criteria for PTSD. The Children's Reaction Inventory (CRI) was the primary measure of the treatment's effect on PTSD symptoms. Associated symptoms were measured using the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) and the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). Treatment resulted in substantial reductions in both groups' CRI scores and in significant, though more modest, reduc‐ tions in RCMAS and CDI scores. Gains were maintained at six‐month follow‐up. Health visits to the school nurse were significantly reduced following treatment. Psychosocial intervention appears useful for children suffering disaster‐related PTSD. Conducting controlled studies of children's treatment in the postdisaster environment appears feasible. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 99–112, 2002.
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InfluentialClassification of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
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“Chemtob et al. (2002) have shown that school-based programs increase resilience and hope, improve daily function and decrease symptoms over and above the expected remission rate.”
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BackgroundMethodInfluentialEfficacy of EMDR Therapy for Children With PTSD: A Review of the Literature
Beer, R. (2018) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/1933-3196.12.4.177 · Cited by 37
“Chemtob, Nakashima, and Carlson (2002) examined the effects of EMDR on 32 children (6–12 years) who experienced intrusive memories of a hurricane that had taken place 3 years earlier.”
BackgroundChild disaster mental health interventions, part I
Pfefferbaum, B. J., Sweeton, J. L., Newman, E., Varma, V., Nitiéma, P., Shaw, J. A., Chrisman, A. K., & Noffsinger, M. A. (2014) · Disaster Health · doi:10.4161/dish.27534 · Cited by 27
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“, 2004), disasters (Chemtob et al., 2002; De Roos et al., 2011), and single-event trauma experiences (De Roos et al.”
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“…mine landslide buried a primary school and killed 116 children, they found that approximately 29% of the survivors still suffered from PTSD. Similarly, Chemtob, Nakashima, and Carlson (2002) found that many traumatized children still presented with PTSD diagnoses 3.5 years after Hurricane Iniki.”
BackgroundInfluentialPost-traumatic stress disorder and its treatment in children and adolescents
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BackgroundResultInfluentialThe Color-Coded Timeline Trauma Genogram
Jordan, K. B. (2004) · Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention · doi:10.1093/brief-treatment/mhh005 · Cited by 22
“Therapists can achieve this knowledge through supervision, workshops (e.g., on the neurobiological impact of trauma or on treatment and assessment strategies when working with trauma survivors), seminars (e.g., on how to work most effectively with rescue workers), and other kinds of training (e.g., EMDR, CISM).”
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“However, one study suggested that EMDR significantly diminished PTSD symptoms in children (Ahmad et al. 2007) and another study with school-age children supported these findings (Chemtob et al. 2002).”
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“Chemtob et al. (2002) reported the results of another treatment—EMDR— for school-aged children with disaster-related PTS symptoms.”
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“An example of two studies included in the ISTSS report but not mentioned in the NICE article are Chemtob et al. (2002) and Tarquinio et al. (2016).”
MethodPsychological treatment of PTSD in children: an evidence-based review
Dowd, H., & McGuire, B. (2011) · The Irish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/03033910.2011.611612 · Cited by 10
Fighting the Psychological War on Terrorism
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“…meses posteriores del sismo en algunos casos, lo que también se ha evidenciado en estudios de seguimiento, que explican que puede haber condiciones crónicas relacionadas con el estrés después de la exposición a esos fenómenos (Chemtob et al., 2002; Goenjian et al., 2000, La Greca et al., 2002).”
Behandlung der posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung bei Kindern und Jugendlichen
Kraft, S., Schepker, R., Goldbeck, L., & Fegert, J. M. (2006) · Nervenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1626777 · Cited by 9
“In einer Studie mit Kindern, die einer Naturkatastrophe ausgesetzt waren (28), fand sich kein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen einer Behandlungsgruppe mit drei Sitzungen EMDR und einer unbehandelten Wartelisten-Kontrollgruppe.”
BackgroundClinical Implications and Recommendations Arising from EMDR Research Findings
Maxfield, L. (2003) · Journal of Trauma Practice · doi:10.1300/j189v02n01_04 · Cited by 9
Gómez, G., Basagoitia, A., Burrone, M. S., Rivas, M., Solís-Soto, M. T., Dy Juanco, S., & Alley, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.713407 · Cited by 8
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“Furthermore, the reduction in the anxiety of our participants is consistent with research carried out in young people presenting with cPTSD [67] symptoms following repeated [32] and single traumatic exposures [26,27,56,66].”
BackgroundResultInfluence of Achievement Motive and Goal Orientation on Learning Behavior :
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Treating Attachment Issues through EMDR and a Family Systems Approach
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Wu, K., Chan, S.-M., Hung, O. H., & Cho, V. W. (2008) · Hong Kong journal of psychiatry · Cited by 7
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Nikulina, V., Hergenrother, J. M., Brown, E. J., Doyle, M. E., Filton, B., & Carson, G. S. (2008) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.8.8.1233 · Cited by 7
EMDR bij kinderen en adolescenten
de Roos, C., & Beer, R. (2003) · Kind & Adolescent Praktijk · doi:10.1007/bf03059493 · Cited by 7
Practitioner Review: Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and its Treatment in Children and AdolescentsPreprint
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“Chemtob et al. (2002) conducted their research on disaster-related PTSD symptoms in children with a school-based method.”
BackgroundMental Health Care for Children in the Wake of Disasters
LEVITT, J. M., Hoagwood, K., Greene, L., Rodriguez, J., & Radigan, M. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511730030.021 · Cited by 6
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“The KRI has been shown to be reliable and valid (Hamada et al. 2003) and has been used in past studies examining traumatic responses to hurricanes (Chemtob et al. 2002a, b).”
MethodStavland, H., Refvik, C., Eid, J., Lockhat, R., & Hammar, Å. (2021) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-021-05674-y · Cited by 7
“Although considered a new treatment method for PTSD, it may be argued that BWRT holds many similarities to other trauma-focused treatments, such as EMDR, PE, CT-PTSD and CPT [22–25].”
MethodInfluentialSchrijftherapie voor getraumatiseerde kinderen en adolescenten
Lucassen, S. (2005) · Kind & Adolescent Praktijk · doi:10.1007/bf03059568 · Cited by 6
Treatment of PTSD in Children and Adolescents
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“Empirical support for EMDR as an effective early intervention for ASD in children is currently lacking, but the approach appears promising for children with chronic PTSD [18–22].”
BackgroundLee, M., Hwang, J., Lee, C.-S., Kim, J.-Y., Lee, J., Kim, E., Chang, H. Y., Bae, S., Park, J.-H., & Bhang, S. (2016) · Journal of korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.5765/jkacap.2016.27.4.278 · Cited by 5
EMDR to Treat Children and Adolescents: Clinicians’ Experiences Using the EMDR Journey Game
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Some Answers to Unanswered Questions about the Empirical Support for EMDR in the Treatment of PTSD
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Sawyer, B. A., Williams, M. T., DeLapp, R. C. T., & Davis, D. M. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-25501-9_14 · Cited by 5
Mitsunami, M. (2010) · The Japanese Journal of Personality · doi:10.2132/personality.19.157 · Cited by 5
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“…en dependientes a sustancias (Cecero y Carroll, 2000) Seguimiento a 5 años pierde efectos positivos (Macklin et al., 2000) 1er ECA con niños con TEPT (Chemtob et al., 2002) 1er estudio caso con pacientes con fobia al dentista inducida (De Jongh et al., 2002) 1er estudio caso en trastorno reactivo…”
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Laksmita, O. D., Chung, M., Banda, K. J., Shieh, Y., Waluya, S. D., Warsini, S., & Chang, P. (2025) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.70029 · Cited by 6
Alkærsig, M., Banzon, T., Roest, J. J., Elklit, A., Stein, A. R., Vang, M. L., & Løkkegaard, S. S. (2026) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2026.102725 · Cited by 5
Mitsunami, M. (2012) · The Japanese Journal of Personality · doi:10.2132/personality.21.124 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Chemtob, C. M., Nakashima, J., & Carlson, J. G.
- Affiliations
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
- University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chemtob, Claude M.
- ORCID
- Carlson, John G.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2001-12-12
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 99-112
- ISSN
- 0021-9762 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-4679
- OpenAlex
- W2107989494
- Cited by
- 301
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 13.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Therapy and Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- children, EMDR, brief psychological intervention, school-based treatment, anxiety, depression, disaster mental health, maintenance therapy
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Anxiety, Child, Depression, Desensitization, Psychologic, Eye Movements, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Concept, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Students, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
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