NOD1 downregulates intestinal serotonin transporter and interacts with other pattern recognition receptors
Open accessAbstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is an essential gastrointestinal modulator whose effects regulate the intestinal physiology. 5-HT effects depend on extracellular 5-HT bioavailability, which is controlled by the serotonin transporter (SERT) expressed in both the apical and basolateral membranes of enterocytes. SERT is a critical target for regulating 5-HT levels and consequently, modulating the intestinal physiology. The deregulation of innate immune receptors has been extensively studied in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), where an exacerbated defense response to commensal microbiota is observed. Interestingly, many innate immune receptors seem to affect the serotonergic system, demonstrating a new way in which microbiota could modulate the intestinal physiology. Therefore, our aim was to analyze the effects of NOD1 activation on SERT function, as well as NOD1's interaction with other immune receptors such as TLR2 and TLR4. Our results showed that NOD1 activation inhibits SERT activity and expression in Caco-2/TC7 cells through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. A negative feedback between 5-HT and NOD1 expression was also described. The results showed that TLR2 and TLR4 activation seems to regulate NOD1 expression in Caco-2/TC7 cells. To assess the extend of cross-talk between NOD1 and TLRs, NOD1 expression was measured in the intestinal tract (ileum and colon) of wild type mice and mice with individual knockouts of TLR2, and TLR4 as well as double knockout TLR2/TLR4 mice. Hence, we demonstrate that NOD1 acts on the serotonergic system decreasing SERT activity and molecular expression. Additionally, NOD1 expression seems to be modulated by 5-HT and other immune receptors as TLR2 and TLR4. This study could clarify the relation between both the intestinal serotonergic system and innate immune system, and their implications in intestinal inflammation.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Nod1 activation reduced the SERT mRNA level in an intestinal epithelial cell line.
“Indeed, another study found that Nod1 activation reduced the SERT mRNA level in an intestinal epithelial cell line (Layunta et al., 2018).”
From Intestinal microbiota modulates adrenomedullary response through Nod1 sensing in chromaffin cells (2021) · cites this paper as Layunta et al., 2018
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Toll-like receptors and their crosstalk with other innate receptors in infection and immunity
Kawai, T., & Akira, S. (2011) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2011.05.006 · Cited by 3,658 · see citing works
Serotonin signalling in the gut: functions, dysfunctions and therapeutic targets
Mawe, G. M., & Hoffman, J. M. (2013) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2013.105 · Cited by 1,165 · see citing works
The NLR Gene Family: A Standard Nomenclature
Ting, J. P. ‐., Lovering, R. C., Alnemri, E. S., Bertin, J., Boss, J. M., Davis, B. K., Flavell, R. A., Girardin, S. E., Godzik, A., Harton, J. A., et al. (2008) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2008.02.005 · Cited by 958 · see citing works
Signaling Pathways Downstream of Pattern-Recognition Receptors and Their Cross Talk
Lee, M. S., & Kim, Y. (2007) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.76.060605.122847 · Cited by 756 · see citing works
A unique central tryptophan hydroxylase isoform
Walther, D. J., & Bäder, M. (2003) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00556-2 · Cited by 752 · see citing works
Intestinal barrier dysfunction in inflammatory bowel diseases
McGuckin, M. A., Eri, R., Simms, L. A., Florin, T. H. J., & Radford-Smith, G. (2009) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1002/ibd.20539 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
CARD4/Nod1 mediates NF‐κB and JNK activation by invasive Shigella flexneri
Girardin, S. E., Tournebize, R., Mavris, M., Page, A., Li, X., Stark, G. R., Bertin, J., DiStefano, P. S., Yaniv, M., Sansonetti, P. J., et al. (2001) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.1093/embo-reports/kve155 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Serotonin has a key role in pathogenesis of experimental colitis.
Ghia, J., Li, N., Wang, H.-Q., Collins, M., Deng, Y.-K., El-Sharkawy, R. T., Côté, F., Mallet, J., & Khan, W. (2009) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.08.041 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
McGovern, D. P. B., Hysi, P. G., Ahmad, T., van Heel, D. A., Moffatt, M. F., Carey, A. H., Cookson, W., & Jewell, D. P. (2005) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddi135 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Serotonin availability is increased in mucosa of guinea pigs with TNBS-induced colitis
Linden, D. R., Chen, J.-X., Gershon, M. D., Sharkey, K. A., & Mawe, G. M. (2003) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00488.2002 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Non-conventional features of peripheral serotonin signalling — the gut and beyond
Spohn, S. N., & Mawe, G. M. (2017) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2017.51 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Irving, A. T., Mimuro, H., Kufer, T. A., Lo, C. Y.-W., Wheeler, R., Turner, L., Thomas, B. J., Malosse, C., Gantier, M. P., Casillas, L., et al. (2014) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2014.04.001 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Innate immunity in the small intestine
Santaolalla, R., Fukata, M., & Abreu, M. T. (2011) · Current Opinion in Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mog.0b013e3283438dea · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Samuvel, D. J., Jayanthi, L. D., Bhat, N. R., & Ramamoorthy, S. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3754-04.2005 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Bischoff, S. C., Mailer, R., Pabst, O., Weier, G., Sedlik, W., Li, Z., Chen, J. J., Murphy, D. L., & Gershon, M. D. (2009) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.90685.2008 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Suzuki, Y., Day, R. M., & Fanburg, B. L. (2004) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.0000141428.53262.a4 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Serotonin transporter function and expression are reduced in mice with TNBS‐induced colitis
Linden, D. R., Foley, K. F., Mcquoid, C., Simpson, J., Sharkey, K. A., & Mawe, G. M. (2005) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2005.00673.x · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Innate immunity in the small intestine
Santaolalla, R., & Abreu, M. T. (2012) · Current Opinion in Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mog.0b013e3283506559 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
TLR Cross-talk Confers Specificity to Innate Immunity
Tan, R. S. T., Ho, B., Leung, B. P. L., & Ding, J. L. (2014) · International Reviews of Immunology · doi:10.3109/08830185.2014.921164 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Neuropeptides and inflammatory bowel disease
Margolis, K. G., & Gershon, M. D. (2009) · Current Opinion in Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mog.0b013e328331b69e · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Coates, M. D., Tekin, I., Vrana, K. E., & Mawe, G. M. (2017) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.14226 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Dok-1 and Dok-2 are negative regulators of lipopolysaccharide-induced signaling
Shinohara, H., Inoue, A., Toyama‐Sorimachi, N., Nagai, Y., Yasuda, T., Suzuki, H., Horai, R., Iwakura, Y., Yamamoto, T. S., Karasuyama, H., et al. (2005) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20041817 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Bérubé, J., Bourdon, C., Yao, Y. F., & Rousseau, S. (2008) · Cellular Signalling · doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.12.001 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Current knowledge and future directions of TLR and NOD signaling in sepsis
Foley, N., Wang, J., Redmond, H., & Wang, J.-H. (2015) · Military Medical Research · doi:10.1186/s40779-014-0029-7 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
The Dual Role of Nod-Like Receptors in Mucosal Innate Immunity and Chronic Intestinal Inflammation
Corridoni, D., Arseneau, K. O., Cifone, M. G., & Cominelli, F. (2014) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2014.00317 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Cheng, Y., Zhu, Y., Huang, X., Zhang, W., Han, Z., & Liu, S. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0126803 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Latorre, E., Mendoza, C., Layunta, E., Alcalde, A. I., & Mesonero, J. E. (2013) · Cell Stress and Chaperones · doi:10.1007/s12192-013-0461-8 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Huang, W. G., Gou, F., Long, Y., Li, Y., Feng, H., Zhang, Q., Gao, C., Chen, G., & Xu, Y. (2016) · Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1055/s-0042-105641 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Expression of the hexose transporters GLUTI-GLUT5 and SGLTI in clones of Caco-2 cells
Mesonero, J. E., Mahraoui, L., MATOSIN-MATEKALO, M., Rodolosse, A., Rousset, M., & Brot‐Laroche, E. (1994) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst0220681 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Lipopolysaccharide induces alteration of serotonin transporter in human intestinal epithelial cells
Mendoza, C., Matheus, N., Iceta, R., Mesonero, J. E., & Alcalde, A. I. (2009) · Innate Immunity · doi:10.1177/1753425909104781 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Tan, Y., Zou, K., Qian, W., Chen, S., & Hou, X. (2014) · Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology [Medical Sciences] · doi:10.1007/s11596-014-1353-6 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Latorre, E., Layunta, E., Grasa, L., Castro, M., Pardo, J., Gomollón, F., Alcalde, A. I., & Mesonero, J. E. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169303 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Latorre, E., Mendoza, C., Matheus, N., Castro, M., Grasa, L., Mesonero, J. E., & Alcalde, A. I. (2013) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2013.01.012 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
NOD1 Cooperates with TLR2 to Enhance T Cell Receptor-Mediated Activation in CD8 T Cells
Mercier, B. C., Ventre, E., Fogeron, M., Mathieu, A., Tomkowiak, M., Marvel, J., & Bonnefoy, N. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042170 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The innate immune system in the intestine
Uematsu, S., & Fujimoto, K. (2010) · Microbiology and Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.2010.00267.x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Iceta, R., Mesonero, J. E., Aramayona, J. J., & Alcalde, A. I. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 30 · see citing works
de Souza, J. A. C., Frasnelli, S. C. T., Curylofo‐Zotti, F. A., Ávila-Campos, M. J., Spolidório, L. C., Zamboni, D. S., Graves, D. T., & Rossa, C. (2016) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.12654 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Selective inhibition of mucosal serotonin as treatment for IBD?
Levin, A. D., & BRINK, G. R. V. D. (2013) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305283 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Motavallian, A., Minaiyan, M., Rabbani, M., Andalib, S., & Mahzouni, P. (2013) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.5681/bi.2013.021 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 modulate intestinal IL-10 differently in ileum and colon
Latorre, E., Layunta, E., Grasa, L., Pardo, J., García‐López, S., Alcalde, A. I., & Mesonero, J. E. (2017) · United European Gastroenterology Journal · doi:10.1177/2050640617727180 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Iceta, R., Aramayona, J. J., Mesonero, J. E., & Alcalde, A. I. (2007) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.2007.01793.x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Mendoza, C., Matheus, N., Latorre, E., Castro, M., Mesonero, J. E., & Alcalde, A. I. (2012) · Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1159/000339057 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Host–microbe interactions in the small bowel
Davies, J. M., & Abreu, M. T. (2014) · Current Opinion in Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mog.0000000000000143 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Raghunathan, M., Alexandar, V., Thangam, E. B., & Ahmed, S. S. S. J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089993 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Gastrointestinal: Herpes vasculitis in an ulcerative colitis patient
Jm, W., Huang, P., & Wei, S. (2013) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1111/jgh.12093 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Association of serotonin transporter gene (SERT) polymorphisms with Crohn's disease (CD) phenotypes
Ravić, K. G., Brinar, M., Čavka, S. Č., Božina, N., Vucelic, B. N., Kuzman, M. R., Krznarić, Ž., & Rustemović, N. (2013) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Tryptophan‐derived serotonin‐kynurenine balance in immune activation and intestinal inflammation
Haq, S., Grondin, J. A., & Khan, W. I. (2021) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202100702r · Cited by 135 · see citing works
The Relationship Between the Serotonin Metabolism, Gut-Microbiota and the Gut-Brain Axis
Stasi, C., Sadalla, S., & Milani, S. (2019) · Current Drug Metabolism · doi:10.2174/1389200220666190725115503 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Nod-like receptors are critical for gut-brain axis signalling in mice
Pusceddu, M. M., Barboza, M., Keogh, C. E., Schneider, M., Stokes, P., Sladek, J. A., Kim, H. J. D., Torres‐Fuentes, C., Goldfild, L. R., Gillis, S. E., et al. (2019) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp278640 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Layunta, E., Buey, B., Mesonero, J. E., & Latorre, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.748254 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Gut Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids: Novel Regulators of Intestinal Serotonin Transporter
Buey, B., Forcén, A., Grasa, L., Layunta, E., Mesonero, J. E., & Latorre, E. (2023) · Life · doi:10.3390/life13051085 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Microbial sensing in the intestine
Wan, T., Wang, Y., He, K., & Zhu, S. (2023) · Protein & Cell · doi:10.1093/procel/pwad028 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
NOD1 in the interplay between microbiota and gastrointestinal immune adaptations
Fernández-García, V., González-Ramos, S., Martín‐Sanz, P., del Portillo, F. G., Laparra, J. M., & Boscá, L. (2021) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105775 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Linking serotonin homeostasis to gut function: Nutrition, gut microbiota and beyond
Jiang, L., Han, D., Hao, Y., Song, Z., Sun, Z., & Dai, Z. (2023) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2023.2183935 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Wang, X., Zhang, C., Zheng, M., Gao, F., Zhang, J., & Liu, F. (2019) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.00183 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Beyond classic concepts in thyroid homeostasis: Immune system and microbiota
Fernández-García, V., González-Ramos, S., Martín‐Sanz, P., Laparra, J. M., & Boscá, L. (2021) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2021.111333 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Olivo-Martínez, Y., Martínez-Ruiz, S., Cordero-Alday, C., Bosch, M., Badía, J., & Baldomá, L. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25105338 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Effects of prenatal opioid and alcohol exposures on immune and serotonin factors in human placenta
Ruyak, S. L., Noor, S., DiDomenico, J., Sun, M. S., Fernandez-Oropeza, A. K., Rodriguez, D. E., Marquez, L. E., Milligan, E. D., & Bakhireva, L. N. (2022) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114057 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Frontiers of Serotonin Beyond the Brain
Maroteaux, L., & Kilic, F. (2018) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2018.10.022 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Intestinal microbiota modulates adrenomedullary response through Nod1 sensing in chromaffin cells
Xiang, C., Chen, P., Zhang, Q., Li, Y., Pan, Y., Xie, W., Sun, J., & Liu, Z. (2021) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.102849 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Metabolomics and metagenomics in mice reveal the role of the gut microbiota in tryptophan metabolism
Levé, M., Manghi, P., Bredon, M., Lefèvre, A., Manara, S., Armanini, F., Emond, P., Planchais, J., Rolhion, N., Segata, N., et al. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.113751 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Wang, T., Xu, Y., Chen, Q., Zheng, W., Wang, J., Zeng, H., Wu, Y., Cao, L., & Chen, Z. (2020) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2020/5068268 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Serotonin and 5-HT2B receptors in microglia control of behavior
D’Andrea, I., Béchade, C., & Maroteaux, L. (2020) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-64125-0.00034-7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Prognostic Implications of Pyroptosis-Related Gene Signatures in Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Li, T., Liu, H., Dong, C., & Lyu, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.806995 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Guo, K., Tang, Y., Yang, T., & Yan, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2025.1556915 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Luo, R., Miao, Y., Hu, R., Lin, F., Yan, J., Yang, T., Lu, X., Sun, Z., Wang, Y., & Chen, J. (2025) · Genes & Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.gendis.2025.101707 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A nod to gut–brain signalling: Nod‐like receptors are critical for gut–brain axis signalling in mice
Tavolieri, M. V., Young, S. D., & Bitzan, M. (2020) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp279432 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Hulugalla, M., MANSOURI, A., Waehama, E., Akthar, I., & Miyamoto, A. (2024) · Journal of Reproduction and Development · doi:10.1262/jrd.2024-093 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Nod-like receptors are critical for gut-brain axis signalingPreprint
Pusceddu, M. M., Barboza, M., Schneider, M., Stokes, P., Sladek, J. A., Torres‐Fuentes, C., Goldfild, L. R., Gillis, S. E., Brust‐Mascher, I., Rabasa, G., et al. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/647032 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Chen, W., Chen, Y., Chen, L., Cai, J., Sun, Y., Li, M., Wang, S., Wu, M., Xue, X., & Meng, J. (2025) · Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2025.117247 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Progress in research of gastrointestinal motility regulation
Yu, H., Fu, M., Ji, X., & E-Ni, R.-G. (2020) · World Chinese Journal of Digestology · doi:10.11569/wcjd.v28.i23.1183
Serotonin Function During Embryonic Development: The 5-HT2B Receptor Contribution
Ori, M., & Nardi, I. (2021) · The Receptors · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-55920-5_2
Guo, K., Yi, X., Tang, Y., & Tan, Z. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3247286/v1
- Authors
- Layunta, E., Latorre, E., Forcén, R., Grasa, L., Plaza, M. A., Arias, M., Alcalde, A. I., & Mesonero, J. E.
- Affiliations
- Universidad de Zaragoza (ES)
- University of Exeter (GB)
- Departamento Farmacología y Fisiología Facultad de Veterinaria Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS) Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza Spain
- Corresponding author
- Latorre, Eva
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Cellular Physiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-12-29
- Volume
- 233
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 4183-4193
- ISSN
- 0021-9541 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-4652
- OpenAlex
- W2763249804
- Cited by
- 27
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 1.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Cellular Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Zaguan (University of Zaragoza Repository) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Foundation for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases in Aragón (ARAINF 012/2008)
- ARAID Foundation (SAF2014-54763-C2-1-R)
- ERDF/FEDER (BFU2010-18971)
- European Social Found (ESF) and the Aragon Regional Government B61
- Aragon Regional Government (B022/13)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- NOD1, serotonin transporter, serotonin, serotonergic system, pattern recognition receptors, TLR2, TLR4, ERK signaling, innate immunity, intestinal inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease, commensal microbiota, Caco-2/TC7 cells, negative feedback regulation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Intestinal Mucosa, Serotonin, Mice, Knockout, Caco-2 Cells, Enterocytes, Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins, Toll-Like Receptor 2, Toll-Like Receptor 4, Mice, Nod1 Signaling Adaptor Protein
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
