The early origins and development of the scatterplot
Abstract
Of all the graphic forms used today, the scatterplot is arguably the most versatile, polymorphic, and generally useful invention in the history of statistical graphics. Its use by Galton led to the discovery of correlation and regression, and ultimately to much of present multivariate statistics. So, it is perhaps surprising that there is no one widely credited with the invention of this idea. Even more surprising is that there are few contenders for this title, and this question seems not to have been raised before. This article traces some of the developments in the history of this graphical method, the origin of the term scatterplot, the role it has played in the history of science, and some of its modern descendants. We suggest that the origin of this method can be traced to its unique advantage: the possibility to discover regularity in empirical data by smoothing and other graphic annotations to enhance visual perception.
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Visual marks, such as rectangular bars, lines or dots, can support different inferences about data relations based on their geometric properties.
“Visual marks, such as rectangular bars, lines or dots, can support different inferences about data relations based on their geometric properties.”
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- Authors
- Friendly, M., & Denis, D.
- Affiliations
- York University (CA)
- University of Montana (US)
- ORCID
- Friendly, Michael
- Venue
- Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2005
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 103-130
- ISSN
- 0022-5061 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-6696
- OpenAlex
- W2140950617
- Cited by
- 184
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Data Visualization and Analytics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › History of Science and Medicine
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Theoretical Computer Science › History and Theory of Mathematics
- Keywords
- scatter plots, Francis Galton, correlation, regression analysis, multivariate analysis, smoothing, visual perception, history of science
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavioral Sciences, Data Display, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Humans, History, 18th Century, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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