Coherence of climatic reconstruction from historical documents in China by different studies
Abstract
Much effort has been spent in the last few decades to reconstruct the climate over China using a variety of historical documents. However, differences in the results of reconstructions exist even when people are using similar documents. In order to address this issue, 14 published temperature series by different studies were analyzed for coherence and mutual consistency. The analyses on their temporal fluctuations indicate that for the individual time series (standardized) on the 10‐years time scales, 57 of the 91 correlation coefficients reach the significance level of 99%. The spatial patterns among the different time series also show high coherency. In addition, consistency also exhibit when comparing the reconstructions with other available natural climate change indicators. Above information was subsequently used to synthesize the temperature series for the last 500 and 1000 years. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The historical climatology of China remains a field in its infancy.
“Nonetheless, the historical climatology of China remains a field in its infancy.7,8”
From Climate change and Chinese history: a review of trends, topics, and methods (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
Many other attempts to encapsulate ongoing work review the content of studies but offer no methodological innovations, deeper reflections, or recommendations.
“Many of the other attempts to encapsulate the ongoing work review the content of the studies but offer no methodological innovations, deeper reflections, or recommendations.7,8”
From Climate change and Chinese history: a review of trends, topics, and methods (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
Cites
General characteristics of temperature variation in China during the last two millennia
Yang, B. S., Bräuning, A., Johnson, K. R., & Yafeng, S. (2002) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2001gl014485 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Tan, M., Liu, T., Hou, J., Qin, X., Zhang, H., & Li, T. (2003) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2003gl017352 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Ge, Q., Zheng, J., Fang, X., Man, Z., Zhang, X., Zhang, P., & Wang, W.-C. (2003) · The Holocene · doi:10.1191/0959683603hl680rr · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Self-citationКалашникова, О. В., & Sokolik, I. N. (2002) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2002gl014947 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Liu, X., Qin, D., Shao, X., Chen, T., & Ren, J. (2005) · Science China Earth Sciences · doi:10.1360/03yd0063 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Late Holocene temperature fluctuations on the Tibetan Plateau
BAO, Y. (2003) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0277-3791(03)00132-x · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Enhancement of the warming trend in China
Wang, S., & Gong, D. (2000) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/1999gl010825 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Ge, Q.-S., Zheng, J.-Y., Hao, Z.-X., Zhang, P.-Y., & Wang, W.-C. (2005) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/bams-86-5-671 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationHistorical Climate Records in China and Reconstruction of Past Climates
Zhang, J., & Crowley, T. J. (1989) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1989)002 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
The year without a summer? : world climate in 1816 /
Harington, C. R. (1992) · doi:10.5962/bhl.title.81797 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
The variation of moisture conditions in China during the last 2000 years
Gong, G., & Hameed, S. (1991) · International Journal of Climatology · doi:10.1002/joc.3370110304 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
An Introduction to Some Historical Governmental Weather Records of China
Wang, P. K., & Zhang, D. (1988) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1988)069 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Evidence for the Existence of the Medieval Warm Period in China
Zhang, D. (1994) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-1186-7_10 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Evidence for the existence of the medieval warm period in China
Zhang, D. (1994) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/bf01092419 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Hameed, S., & Gong, G. (1994) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/94gl02668 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
WINTER TEMPERATURE CHANGES DURING THE LAST 500 YEARS IN SOUTH CHINA
Zhang, D. (1980) · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Wang, P. K., & Zhang, D. (1992) · Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan Ser II · doi:10.2151/jmsj1965.70.1b_423 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
RECONSTRUCTION OF TEMPERATURE SERIES OF NORTH CHINA FROM 1380s TO 1980s
Wang, S. (1991) · Science China Chemistry · doi:10.1360/yb1991-34-6-751 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Climate in China during the four special periods in Holocene
Wang, S. (2000) · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Historical records of climate change in China
Zhang, D. (1991) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/0277-3791(91)90049-z · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Meteorological Records from Ancient Chronicles of China
Wang, P. K. (1979) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1979)060 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Pfister, C., & Wanner, H. (2002) · PAGES news · doi:10.22498/pages.10.3.2 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
High‐resolution paleoclimate records from monsoon Asia
Bradley, R. S., Sheu, D. D.-D., & Wang, W. (1993) · Eos · doi:10.1029/93eo00500 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationHISTORICAL EVIDENCE ON CLIMATIC INSTABILITY ABOVE NORMAL IN COOL PERIODS IN CHINA
Sizhong, Z., & Feng, L. (1986) · Science China Chemistry · doi:10.1360/yb1986-29-4-441 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Grain production and climatic variation in taihu lake basin
Shen, X., & Chen, J. (1993) · Chinese Geographical Science · doi:10.1007/bf02664558 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
HISTORICAL EVIDENCE ON CLIMATIC INSTABILITY ABOVE NORMAL IN COOL PERIODS IN CHINA
Eng, L. (1986) · Cited by 12 · see citing works
THE VARIATION OF PHENODATE IN BEIJING DISTRICT
Hang, J. (1984) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Zheng, J., Hao, Z., & Ge, Q. (2004) · Progress in Natural Science Materials International · doi:10.1080/10020070412331344251 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationStable Isotopes / Swiss Sojourn
Edwards, T. W. D. (2002) · PAGES news · doi:10.22498/pages.10.2.2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 32 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Jones, P. D., Briffa, K. R., Osborn, T. J., Lough, J., van Ommen, T. D., Vinther, B. M., Luterbacher, J., Wahl, E. R., Zwiers, F. W., MANN, M. E., et al. (2009) · The Holocene · doi:10.1177/0959683608098952 · Cited by 655 · see citing works
Chen, J., Chen, F., Feng, S., Huang, W., Liu, J., & Zhou, A. (2014) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.10.012 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
(IPCC), I. P. O. C. C. (2023) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009157896.003 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Challenges and perspectives for large‐scale temperature reconstructions of the past two millennia
Christiansen, B., & Ljungqvist, F. C. (2016) · Reviews of Geophysics · doi:10.1002/2016rg000521 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Comparing proxy and model estimates of hydroclimate variability and change over the Common Era
Smerdon, J. E., Luterbacher, J., Phipps, S. J., Anchukaitis, K. J., Ault, T. R., Coats, S., Cobb, K. M., Cook, B. I., Colose, C., Felis, T., et al. (2017) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-13-1851-2017 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Ge, Q., Zheng, J. ‐., Hao, Z. ‐., Shao, X. ‐., Wang, W., & Luterbacher, J. (2010) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2009gl041281 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Self-citationDocumentary data and the study of past droughts: a global state of the art
Brázdil, R., Kiss, A., Luterbacher, J., Nash, D. J., & Řezníčková, L. (2018) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-14-1915-2018 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Climate and history: a critical review of historical climatology and climate change historiography
Carey, M. (2012) · WIREs Climate Change · doi:10.1002/wcc.171 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Wang, J., Yang, B. S., Ljungqvist, F. C., & Zhao, Y. (2013) · Journal of Quaternary Science · doi:10.1002/jqs.2658 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Multi-proxy reconstructions of May–September precipitation field in China over the past 500 years
Shi, F., Zhao, S., Guo, Z., Goosse, H., & Yin, Q. (2017) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-13-1919-2017 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Late Holocene climatic and environmental changes in arid central Asia
Yang, B. S., Wang, J., Bräuning, A., Dong, Z., & Esper, J. (2007) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.11.020 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
General characteristics of climate changes during the past 2000 years in China
Ge, Q., Zheng, J., Hao, Z., & Liu, H. (2012) · Science China Earth Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11430-012-4370-y · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, B. S., Bräuning, A., Zhang, Z., Dong, Z., & Esper, J. (2007) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.025 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Recent advances on reconstruction of climate and extreme events in China for the past 2000 years
Ge, Q., Zheng, J., Hao, Z., Liu, Y., & Li, M. (2016) · Journal of Geographical Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11442-016-1301-4 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, B. J., Kang, S., Ljungqvist, F. C., He, M., Zhao, Y., & Qin, C. (2013) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s00382-013-1962-y · Cited by 73 · see citing works
East Asian warm season temperature variations over the past two millennia
Zhang, H., Werner, J., García‐Bustamante, E., González-Rouco, J. F., Wagner, S., Zorita, E., Fraedrich, K., Jungclaus, J. H., Ljungqvist, F. C., Zhu, X., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-26038-8 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationClimate change and Chinese history: a review of trends, topics, and methods
Fan, K. (2015) · WIREs Climate Change · doi:10.1002/wcc.331 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Unstable Little Ice Age climate revealed by high-resolution proxy records from northwestern China
Chen, J., Liu, J., Zhang, X., Chen, S., Huang, W., Chen, J., Zhang, S., Zhou, A., & Chen, F. (2019) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s00382-019-04685-5 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Methods and future directions for paleoclimatology in the Maya Lowlands
Douglas, P., Brenner, M., & Curtis, J. H. (2015) · Global and Planetary Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.07.008 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Yang, B. S., Bräuning, A., Liu, J.-J., Davis, M. E., & Shao, Y. (2009) · Global and Planetary Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2009.07.008 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Contingencies of the Anthropocene: Lessons from the ‘Neolithic’
Head, L. (2014) · The Anthropocene Review · doi:10.1177/2053019614529745 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Recent Advances in the Historical Climatology of the Tropics and Subtropics
Nash, D. J., & Adamson, G. (2013) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/bams-d-12-00030.1 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Extreme cold winter events in southern China during AD 1650–2000
Zheng, J., Lingling, D., Hao, Z., & Ge, Q. (2011) · Boreas · doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2011.00225.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationLuo, H., Ge, F., Yang, K., Zhu, S., Peng, T., Cai, W., Liu, X., & Tang, W. (2019) · International Journal of Climatology · doi:10.1002/joc.6175 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Wet and dry extremes in Quito (Ecuador) since the 17th century
Domínguez‐Castro, F., García‐Herrera, R., & Vicente-Serrano, S. M. (2017) · International Journal of Climatology · doi:10.1002/joc.5312 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Aono, Y. (2014) · International Journal of Biometeorology · doi:10.1007/s00484-014-0854-0 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Redefining historical climatology in the Anthropocene
Mauelshagen, F. (2014) · The Anthropocene Review · doi:10.1177/2053019614536145 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The spatial distribution of precipitation over the West Qinling region, China, AD 1470–2000
Yang, F., Wang, N., Shi, F., Ljungqvist, F. C., Zhao, S., & Liu, T. (2015) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.12.003 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Historical analogues of the 2008 extreme snow event over Central and Southern China
Hao, Z., Zheng, J., Ge, Q., & Wang, W. (2011) · Climate Research · doi:10.3354/cr01052 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationTemperature and precipitation changes in China during the Holocene
Ge, Q., Wang, S., Wen, X., Shen, C., & Hao, Z. (2007) · Advances in Atmospheric Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00376-007-1024-7 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationEvidence from the Archives of Societies: Personal Documentary Sources
Pfister, C., & White, S. (2018) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-43020-5_5 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
China: 2000 Years of Climate Reconstruction from Historical Documents
Ge, Q., Hao, Z., Zheng, J., & Liu, Y. (2018) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-43020-5_17 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationEvidence from the Archives of Societies: Documentary Evidence—Overview
Pfister, C. (2018) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-43020-5_4 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Reconstruction of northeast Asia spring temperature 1784–1990
Ohyama, M., Yonenobu, H., Choi, J., Park, W.-K., Hanzawa, M., & Suzuki, M. (2013) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-9-261-2013 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Fire regimes of China: inference from statistical comparison with the United States
Krawchuk, M. A., & Moritz, M. A. (2009) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00472.x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Pfister, C. (2011) · Cited by 21 · see citing works
NINE SLOUGHS: PROFILING THE CLIMATE HISTORY OF THE YUAN AND MING DYNASTIES, 1260–1644†
Brook, T. (2016) · Journal of Chinese History · doi:10.1017/jch.2016.25 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Adamson, G., Nash, D. J., & Grab, S. W. (2022) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-18-1071-2022 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Hao, Z., Xiong, D., Zheng, J., Yang, L. E., & Ge, Q. (2020) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abb159 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationRates of temperature change in China during the past 2000 years
Ge, Q., Zhang, X., Hao, Z., & Zheng, J. (2011) · Science China Earth Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11430-011-4257-3 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, X.-Z., Ge, Q., Fang, X., Zheng, J., & Fei, J. (2012) · International Journal of Climatology · doi:10.1002/joc.3448 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationBraun, A., Rosner, H.-J., Hagensieker, R., & Dieball, S. (2015) · Ecological Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.02.013 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Monsoon Precipitation, Economy and Wars in Ancient China
Zhang, J., Zhou, X., Jiang, S., Tu, L., & Liu, X. (2020) · Frontiers in Earth Science · doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00317 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Hao, Z., Wu, M., Liu, Y., Zhang, X., & Zheng, J. (2020) · Journal of Geographical Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11442-020-1718-7 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationThe possible climate impact on the collapse of an ancient urban city in Mu Us Desert, China
Cui, J., & Chang, H. (2012) · Regional Environmental Change · doi:10.1007/s10113-012-0345-y · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Yang, B. S., Tang, L., Li, C., Shao, Y., Tao, S., & Yang, L. (2010) · Chinese Science Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s11434-010-0017-6 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Li, H., Yang, S., Tang, Q., Zhou, X., & Sun, Y. (2019) · Fisheries Oceanography · doi:10.1111/fog.12449 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Evidence from the Archives of Societies: Institutional Sources
Pfister, C. (2018) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-43020-5_6 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Fang, X., Dai, J., Wang, H., & Tao, Z. (2021) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-17-929-2021 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationSchneider, L., Ljungqvist, F. C., Yang, B. S., Chen, F., Chen, J., Li, J., Hao, Z., Ge, Q., Talento, S., Osborn, T. J., et al. (2019) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.105917 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationHydroclimate variations in the past 1000 years over Eastern China
Hao, Z., Zheng, J., Liu, Y., & Ge, Q. (2023) · International Journal of Climatology · doi:10.1002/joc.8221 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationQu, Y., Zhang, X., Zeng, J., Li, Z., & Lv, J. (2023) · Water · doi:10.3390/w15050995 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Human and Societal Dimensions of Past Climate Change
Ljungqvist, F. C. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108355780.003 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Dai, Q., Wei, Y., Hu, Y., Chen, T., Yan, Y., Gu, Y., & Wang, Q. (2024) · Land · doi:10.3390/land13060838 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Yan, J., Ge, Q., Liu, H., Zheng, J., & Fu, H. (2014) · Atmospheric and Climate Sciences · doi:10.4236/acs.2014.42024 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationZuozhi, Y., Hong-yi, G., Yangben, D., Xuande, W., Dearing, J. A., Zhang, W., & Yu, L. (2009) · Environment and History · doi:10.3197/096734009x404662 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Nagai, S., Saitoh, T. M., Kotani, A., Miura, T., Nakagawa, H., Katsumata, C., Morimoto, H., & Ōnishi, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2024.1236664 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Yan, J., Liu, H., Hao, Z., Zhang, X., & Zheng, J. (2014) · Advances in Climate Change Research · doi:10.1016/j.accre.2014.11.001 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationHydrogeological conceptualization of a small island groundwater system using historical data
Kruijssen, T. P., Wit, M., van Breukelen, B. M., van der Ploeg, M. J., & Bense, V. (2024) · Netherlands Journal of Geosciences – Geologie en Mijnbouw · doi:10.1017/njg.2024.21 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Crook, D. S., Dearing, J. A., Jones, R. T., & Elvin, M. (2011) · Water History · doi:10.1007/s12685-011-0038-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
刘, 浩., 郑, 景., 郝, 志., & 葛, 全. (2012) · SCIENTIA SINICA Terrae · doi:10.1360/zd-2012-42-6-934 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pfister, C. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.62104-9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sun, B., & Zhang, C. (2025) · System Dynamics Review · doi:10.1002/sdr.70007 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Schottenhammer, A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-98198-3_3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
张, 学., 郑, 景., 葛, 全., & 郝, 志. (2011) · SCIENTIA SINICA Terrae · doi:10.1360/zd-2011-41-9-1233 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cosmopolitan Temporalities: A Sociological Analysis on Climate Imageries in Brazil and China
Fetz, M., Bosco, E. M. G. R. L., & Palmieri, E. R. D. C. (2017) · Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.1007/s40647-017-0180-0
Liu, Y., Zhang, M., & Fang, X. (2018) · International Journal of Biometeorology · doi:10.1007/s00484-018-1528-0
Self-citationQu, Y., Wang, Q., Li, Z., Zhang, R., Zeng, J., Song, Y., Xiang-zhu, Y., & Lv, J.-J. (2022) · Climate Research · doi:10.3354/cr01690
(2022) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-2021-167-cc1
(2022) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-2021-167-rc1
(2022) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-2021-167-rc2
Adamson, G. (2022) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-2021-167-ac2
Adamson, G. (2022) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-2021-167-ac1
Adamson, G. (2022) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-2021-167-ac3
邵, 亚., 杨, 伦., 杨, 保., 唐, 领., 李, 春., & 陶, 士. (2010) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/csb2010-55-21-2139
Kot, F. S., Базарова, В. Б., Климин, М. А., Dugina, I. O., & Kopoteva, T. A. (2023) · Environmental Science Processes & Impacts · doi:10.1039/d3em00008g
Cognizable rare historical droughts: Knowledge framework and future insights
Liu, S., Zhang, H., Singh, V. P., Lyu, F., Yao, C., Zhao, X., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Journal of Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134579
- Authors
- Ge, Q., Zheng, J., Tian, Y., Wu, W., Fang, X., & Wang, W.
- Affiliations
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- State University of New York (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ge, Quansheng
- Venue
- International Journal of Climatology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-09-07
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1007-1024
- ISSN
- 0899-8418 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0088
- OpenAlex
- W2068528025
- Cited by
- 76
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Climatology (publishedVersion)
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS Institutional Repository (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Tree-ring climate responses
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
- Keywords
- paleoclimate reconstruction, historical documents, temperature reconstruction, coherence analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review