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Evaluation of genipin for stabilization of decellularized porcine cartilage
Open accessAbstract
We speculate that an acellular osteochondral xenograft may be a good alternative to allografts for repair of focal articular cartilage lesions. In order to make a xenograft resistant to enzymatic degradation and to prevent a chronic immune response it may be beneficial to stabilize it through crosslinking. The concept is analogous to treatment of porcine bioprosthetic heart valves with glutaraldehyde. The purpose of this study was to evaluate genipin, a natural crosslinking agent with low cytotoxicity, for stabilization of decellularized cartilage. Porcine articular cartilage discs were decellularized in SDS and nucleases and then crosslinked in genipin. The utility of genipin was determined from its effects on degree of crosslinking, mechanical properties, dimensional stability, enzymatic resistance, and in vitro biocompatibility. Degree of crosslinking, compressive moduli, and collagenase resistance varied over a wide range depending on genipin concentration. The equilibrium compressive modulus could be increased from approximately 50% to more than 120% that of native cartilage, and the time to complete degradation by collagenase could be extended from less than 12 h to more than 15 days. Radial shrinkage of approximately 4% was observed at a genipin concentration of 0.1% wt/vol, and cartilage coefficient of friction against glass increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Autologous chondrocytes displayed little difference in viability or their ability to attach and spread over the surface of genipin-fixed cartilage compared to non-crosslinked cartilage during 6 weeks of culture. These results indicate that genipin may be efficacious for stabilization of a decellularized porcine osteochondral xenograft. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:1949-1957, 2017.
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“Taken together, crosslinking is a double-edged sword, and accurate control of the degradation rate is required to achieve an equilibrium between graft stability and functional remodeling [190, 195].”
From Immunogenicity of decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds: a bottleneck in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (2023) · cites this paper as [195]
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“To address these challenges, crosslinking has proved its efficacy in promoting mechanical stability and inhibiting the rapid degradation of decellularized tissues, providing sufficient time for angiogenesis by endothelial cells and new ECM synthesis [195, 196].”
From Immunogenicity of decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds: a bottleneck in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (2023) · cites this paper as [195]
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“Genipin reduces the antigenicity of decellularized tissues by decreasing free amino groups with the same mechanism as GA to maintain structural integrity [195, 206].”
From Immunogenicity of decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds: a bottleneck in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (2023) · cites this paper as [195]
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Biomaterials for articular cartilage tissue engineering: Learning from biology
Armiento, A. R., Stoddart, M. J., Alini, M., & Eglin, D. (2018) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2017.11.021 · Cited by 579
Kasravi, M., Ahmadi, A., Babajani, A., Mazloomnejad, R., Hatamnejad, M. R., Shariatzadeh, S., Bahrami, S., & Niknejad, H. (2023) · Biomaterials Research · doi:10.1186/s40824-023-00348-z · Cited by 316
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Decellularized tissues as platforms for in vitro modeling of healthy and diseased tissues
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Rowland, C. R., Glass, K. A., Ettyreddy, A. R., Gloss, C. C., Matthews, J. R. L., Huynh, N. P. T., & Guilak, F. (2018) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.04.049 · Cited by 92
Metadata
- Authors
- Elder, S., Pinheiro, A., Young, C., Smith, P., & Wright, E.
- Affiliations
- Mississippi State University (US)
- University of Akron (US)
- Corresponding author
- Elder, Steven
- Venue
- Journal of Orthopaedic Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-03-24
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1949-1957
- ISSN
- 0736-0266 (ISSN-L)
- 1554-527X
- PMC
- PMC6784830
- OpenAlex
- W2553572787
- Cited by
- 34
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 3.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#am (am, 239 d)
- onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
- doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Orthopaedic Research® (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R15AR066926)
- National Science Foundation (1359437)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Osteoarthritis Treatment and Mechanisms
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications
- Keywords
- genipin, decellularized cartilage, crosslinking, articular cartilage repair, porcine cartilage, collagenase resistance, compressive modulus, dimensional stability, friction coefficient, chondrocyte viability, biocompatibility, enzymatic degradation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cartilage, Articular, Cross-Linking Reagents, Materials Testing, Swine, Collagenases, Compressive Strength, Iridoids, Tissue Scaffolds
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- Elder, S., Pinheiro, A., Young, C., Smith, P., & Wright, E. (2017). Evaluation of genipin for stabilization of decellularized porcine cartilage. Journal of Orthopaedic Research. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.23483
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