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Peri‐implant diseases and conditions: Consensus report of workgroup 4 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri‐Implant Diseases and Conditions
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A classification for peri‐implant diseases and conditions was presented. Focused questions on the characteristics of peri‐implant health, peri‐implant mucositis, peri‐implantitis, and soft‐ and hard‐tissue deficiencies were addressed. Peri‐implant health is characterized by the absence of erythema, bleeding on probing, swelling, and suppuration. It is not possible to define a range of probing depths compatible with health; Peri‐implant health can exist around implants with reduced bone support. The main clinical characteristic of peri‐implant mucositis is bleeding on gentle probing. Erythema, swelling, and/or suppuration may also be present. An increase in probing depth is often observed in the presence of peri‐implant mucositis due to swelling or decrease in probing resistance. There is strong evidence from animal and human experimental studies that plaque is the etiological factor for peri‐implant mucositis. Peri‐implantitis is a plaque‐associated pathological condition occurring in tissues around dental implants, characterized by inflammation in the peri‐implant mucosa and subsequent progressive loss of supporting bone. Peri‐implantitis sites exhibit clinical signs of inflammation, bleeding on probing, and/or suppuration, increased probing depths and/or recession of the mucosal margin in addition to radiographic bone loss. The evidence is equivocal regarding the effect of keratinized mucosa on the long‐term health of the peri‐implant tissue. It appears, however, that keratinized mucosa may have advantages regarding patient comfort and ease of plaque removal. Case definitions in day‐to‐day clinical practice and in epidemiological or disease‐surveillance studies for peri‐implant health, peri‐implant mucositis, and peri‐implantitis were introduced. The proposed case definitions should be viewed within the context that there is no generic implant and that there are numerous implant designs with different surface characteristics, surgical and loading protocols. It is recommended that the clinician obtain baseline radiographic and probing measurements following the completion of the implant‐supported prosthesis.
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“Peri-implant health can exist around implants with normal or reduced bone support.”
From A new classification scheme for periodontal and peri‐implant diseases and conditions – Introduction and key changes from the 1999 classification (2018) · cites this paper as [26]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Berglundh, T., Armitage, G., Araujo, M. G., Avila‐Ortiz, G., Blanco, J., Camargo, P. M., Chen, S., Cochran, D., Derks, J., Figuero, E., Hämmerle, C. H. F., Heitz‐Mayfield, L. J. A., Huynh‐Ba, G., Iacono, V., Koo, K., Lambert, F., McCauley, L., Quirynen, M., Renvert, S., Salvi, G. E., Schwarz, F., Tarnow, D., Tomasi, C., Wang, H., & Zitzmann, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- State University of Maringa Parana Brazil
- University of Iowa Iowa City IA USA
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (ES)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid (ES)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Stony Brook University (US)
- Seoul National University (KR)
- University of Liège (BE)
- University of Michigan (US)
- KU Leuven (BE)
- Kristianstad University (SE)
- University of Bern (CH)
- Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
- Columbia University (US)
- University of Basel (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Berglundh, Tord
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Periodontology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2018-06
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- S1
- ISSN
- 0022-3492 (ISSN-L)
- 1943-3670
- OpenAlex
- W3010101452
- Cited by
- 861
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 103 · 2024: 142 · 2023: 145 · 2022: 129 · 2021: 125 · 2020: 126 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 8
- FWCI
- 93.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Periodontology (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- ORBi (University of Liège) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- American Academy of Periodontology Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Oral Surgery › Dental Implant Techniques and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Periodontal Regeneration and Treatments
- Keywords
- peri-implant disease, peri-implant mucositis, peri-implantitis, peri-implant health, dental implants, plaque, probing depth, keratinized mucosa, case definition, bone loss
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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