A new classification scheme for periodontal and peri‐implant diseases and conditions – Introduction and key changes from the 1999 classification
Open accessAbstract
A classification scheme for periodontal and peri‐implant diseases and conditions is necessary for clinicians to properly diagnose and treat patients as well as for scientists to investigate etiology, pathogenesis, natural history, and treatment of the diseases and conditions. This paper summarizes the proceedings of the World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri‐implant Diseases and Conditions. The workshop was co‐sponsored by the American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) and the European Federation of Periodontology (EFP) and included expert participants from all over the world. Planning for the conference, which was held in Chicago on November 9 to 11, 2017, began in early 2015. An organizing committee from the AAP and EFP commissioned 19 review papers and four consensus reports covering relevant areas in periodontology and implant dentistry. The authors were charged with updating the 1999 classification of periodontal diseases and conditions and developing a similar scheme for peri‐implant diseases and conditions. Reviewers and workgroups were also asked to establish pertinent case definitions and to provide diagnostic criteria to aid clinicians in the use of the new classification. All findings and recommendations of the workshop were agreed to by consensus. This introductory paper presents an overview for the new classification of periodontal and peri‐implant diseases and conditions, along with a condensed scheme for each of four workgroup sections, but readers are directed to the pertinent consensus reports and review papers for a thorough discussion of the rationale, criteria, and interpretation of the proposed classification. Changes to the 1999 classification are highlighted and discussed. Although the intent of the workshop was to base classification on the strongest available scientific evidence, lower level evidence and expert opinion were inevitably used whenever sufficient research data were unavailable. The scope of this workshop was to align and update the classification scheme to the current understanding of periodontal and peri‐implant diseases and conditions. This introductory overview presents the schematic tables for the new classification of periodontal and peri‐implant diseases and conditions and briefly highlights changes made to the 1999 classification. It cannot present the wealth of information included in the reviews, case definition papers, and consensus reports that has guided the development of the new classification, and reference to the consensus and case definition papers is necessary to provide a thorough understanding of its use for either case management or scientific investigation. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that the reader use this overview as an introduction to these subjects. Accessing this publication online will allow the reader to use the links in this overview and the tables to view the source papers (Table 1).
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This introductory paper summarizes the 2017 World Workshop proceedings that updated the 1999 classification of periodontal diseases and introduced a new classification for peri-implant diseases and conditions. It highlights key changes, including a new staging and grading framework for periodontitis and consensus case definitions for periodontal health, gingivitis, peri-implant health, peri-implant mucositis, and peri-implantitis.
Key findings
- The workshop identified three forms of periodontitis: necrotizing periodontitis, periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease, and the forms previously called “chronic” or “aggressive,” now grouped under a single category, “periodontitis.”
- Periodontitis is further characterized by a multidimensional staging and grading system: staging has four categories (stages 1 through 4), and grading has three levels (grade A low risk, grade B moderate risk, grade C high risk for progression).
- Bleeding on probing was agreed as the primary parameter to set thresholds for gingivitis, and a periodontitis patient remains a periodontitis patient for life even after successful therapy, requiring life-long supportive care.
- A new classification was developed for peri-implant health, peri-implant mucositis, and peri-implantitis; peri-implantitis was defined as a plaque-associated pathologic condition with inflammation in the peri-implant mucosa and subsequent progressive loss of supporting bone.
Methods
- Design: summary of the proceedings of the World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases and Conditions, co-sponsored by the American Academy of Periodontology and the European Federation of Periodontology.
- Data/sample: expert participants from around the world; planning began in early 2015; the conference was held in Chicago on November 9 to 11, 2017; an organizing committee commissioned 19 review papers and four consensus reports.
- Analysis: findings and recommendations were agreed to by consensus, with this introductory paper presenting an overview and condensed schematic tables for four workgroup sections.
Limitations
- The paper states that although the workshop intended to base classification on the strongest available scientific evidence, lower level evidence and expert opinion were inevitably used whenever sufficient research data were unavailable.
- The paper states that this introductory overview cannot present the wealth of information in the reviews, case definition papers, and consensus reports, and readers are directed to those source papers for thorough understanding.
- The paper notes that it is not possible to define a range of probing depths compatible with peri-implant health; evident from the text, this overview is abbreviated and does not itself provide the full rationale, criteria, or implementation details of the new classifications.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
0 of 20 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Premisecitation
A patient with gingivitis can revert to a state of health.
“It was accepted that a patient with gingivitis can revert to a state of health, but a periodontitis patient remains a periodontitis patient for life, even following successful therapy, and requires life-long supportive care to prevent recurrence of disease.6”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [6] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
A periodontitis patient remains a periodontitis patient for life, even following successful therapy.
“It was accepted that a patient with gingivitis can revert to a state of health, but a periodontitis patient remains a periodontitis patient for life, even following successful therapy, and requires life-long supportive care to prevent recurrence of disease.6”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [6] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Rare systemic disorders such as Papillon Lefèvre Syndrome generally result in the early presentation of severe periodontitis.
“It is recognized that there are rare systemic disorders, such as Papillon Lefèvre Syndrome, that generally result in the early presentation of severe periodontitis.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [16] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
Peri-implant mucositis can be reversed with measures aimed at eliminating the plaque.
“Peri-implant mucositis can be reversed with measures aimed at eliminating the plaque.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [28] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Normal healing following tooth loss leads to diminished dimensions of the alveolar process/ridge that result in both hard and soft tissue deficiencies.
“Normal healing following tooth loss leads to diminished dimensions of the alveolar process/ridge that result in both hard and soft tissue deficiencies.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [31] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Common systemic diseases such as uncontrolled diabetes mellitus have variable effects that modify the course of periodontitis.
“There are, however, common systemic diseases, such as uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, with variable effects that modify the course of periodontitis.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [20] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
Current evidence does not support a unique pathophysiology in patients with diabetes and periodontitis.
“Although common modifiers of periodontitis may substantially alter disease occurrence, severity, and response to treatment, current evidence does not support a unique pathophysiology in patients with diabetes and periodontitis.22”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [22] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
Peri-implantitis, in the absence of treatment, seems to progress in a non-linear and accelerating pattern.
“Peri-implantitis, in the absence of treatment, seems to progress in a non-linear and accelerating pattern.29”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [29] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
New data indicate that clinical procedures involved in the fabrication of indirect restorations may cause recession and loss of clinical attachment.
“Clinical procedures involved in the fabrication of indirect restorations was added because of new data indicating that these procedures may cause recession and loss of clinical attachment (Table 4).25”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [25] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
There is strong evidence that peri-implant mucositis is caused by plaque.
“While there is strong evidence that peri-implant mucositis is caused by plaque, there is very limited evidence for non-plaque induced periimplant mucositis.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [28] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
There is a lack of evidence from human studies implicating occlusal trauma in the progression of attachment loss in periodontitis.
“There is lack of evidence from human studies implicating occlusal trauma in the progression of attachment loss in periodontitis (Table 4).24”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [24] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Since the 1999 workshop, substantial new information has emerged from population studies, basic science investigations, and evidence from prospective studies evaluating environmental and systemic risk factors.
“Since the 1999 workshop, substantial new information has emerged from population studies, basic science investigations, and the evidence from prospective studies evaluating environmental and systemic risk factors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
The onset of peri-implantitis may occur early following implant placement as indicated by radiographic data.
“The onset of peri-implantitis may occur early following implant placement as indicated by radiographic data.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [29] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
There is very limited evidence for non-plaque induced peri-implant mucositis.
“While there is strong evidence that peri-implant mucositis is caused by plaque, there is very limited evidence for non-plaque induced periimplant mucositis.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [28] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 6
- May combine two claims. 3
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenAll findings and recommendations of the workshop were agreed to by consensus.
“All findings and recommendations of the workshop were agreed to by consensus.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationPeri-implantitis is associated with poor plaque control and with patients with a history of severe periodontitis.
“Peri-implantitis is associated with poor plaque control and with patients with a history of severe periodontitis.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [29] source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationTraumatic occlusal forces can result in occlusal trauma (the lesion) and excessive wear or fracture of the teeth.
“Traumatic occlusal forces can result in occlusal trauma (the lesion) and excessive wear or fracture of the teeth.21”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [21] source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationcitationPeri-implant health can exist around implants with normal or reduced bone support.
“Peri-implant health can exist around implants with normal or reduced bone support.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductreasoningLower level evidence and expert opinion were inevitably used whenever sufficient research data were unavailable.
“Although the intent of the workshop was to base classification on the strongest available scientific evidence, lower level evidence and expert opinion were inevitably used whenever sufficient research data were unavailable.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationOther factors affecting the ridge can be associated with medications and systemic diseases reducing the amount of naturally formed bone, tooth agenesis, and pressure from prostheses.
“Other factors affecting the ridge can be associated with medications and systemic diseases reducing the amount of naturally formed bone, tooth agenesis, and pressure from prostheses.31”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [31] source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationLarger ridge deficiencies can occur at sites associated with severe loss of periodontal support, extraction trauma, endodontic infections, root fractures, thin buccal bone plates, poor tooth position, injury and pneumatization of the maxillary sinuses.
“Larger ridge deficiencies can occur at sites associated with severe loss of periodontal support, extraction trauma, endodontic infections, root fractures, thin buccal bone plates, poor tooth position, injury and pneumatization of the maxillary sinuses.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [31] source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe authors filed detailed disclosure of potential conflicts of interest relevant to the workshop topics.
“The authors filed detailed disclosure of potential conflicts of interest relevant to the workshop topics, and these are kept on file.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The authors state this as an assumption.
Peri-implant mucositis precedes peri-implantitis.
“Peri-implant mucositis is assumed to precede peri-implantitis.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Periodontal diagnoses were obtained retrospectively, and patients without a recorded diagnosis were excluded to minimize the risk of selection bias.
“Periodontal diagnoses 6 , 8 were obtained retrospectively; patients without a recorded diagnosis were excluded to minimize the risk of selection bias.”
From Prognostic utility of oral neutrophil counts in high-risk periodontitis: A retrospective study (2025) · cites this paper as [6]
Cites
Development of a Classification System for Periodontal Diseases and Conditions
Armitage, G. C. (1999) · Annals of Periodontology · doi:10.1902/annals.1999.4.1.1 · Cited by 5,110 · see citing works
Self-citationTonetti, M. S., Greenwell, H., & Kornman, K. S. (2018) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.18-0006 · Cited by 3,239 · see citing works
Self-citationPapapanou, P. N., Sanz, M., Buduneli, N., Dietrich, T., Feres, M., Fine, D. H., Flemmig, T. F., Garcia, R., Giannobile, W. V., Graziani, F., et al. (2018) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.17-0721 · Cited by 3,202 · see citing works
Self-citationBerglundh, T., Armitage, G., Araujo, M. G., Avila‐Ortiz, G., Blanco, J., Camargo, P. M., Chen, S., Cochran, D., Derks, J., Figuero, E., et al. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/jcpe.12957 · Cited by 1,755 · see citing works
Self-citationPapapanou, P. N., Sanz, M., Buduneli, N., Dietrich, T., Feres, M., Fine, D. H., Flemmig, T. F., García, R. I., Giannobile, W. V., Graziani, F., et al. (2018) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/jcpe.12946 · Cited by 1,278 · see citing works
Self-citationChapple, I. L. C., Mealey, B. L., Van Dyke, T. E., Bartold, P. M., Dommisch, H., Eickholz, P., Geisinger, M. L., Genco, R. J., Glogauer, M., Goldstein, M., et al. (2018) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.17-0719 · Cited by 1,216 · see citing works
Self-citationBerglundh, T., Armitage, G., Araujo, M. G., Avila‐Ortiz, G., Blanco, J., Camargo, P. M., Chen, S., Cochran, D., Derks, J., Figuero, E., et al. (2018) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.17-0739 · Cited by 861 · see citing works
Self-citationPeriodontal Diseases: Epidemiology
Papapanou, P. N. (1996) · Annals of Periodontology · doi:10.1902/annals.1996.1.1.1 · Cited by 781 · see citing works
Self-citationSanz, M., Ceriello, A., Buysschaert, M., Chapple, I., Demmer, R. T., Graziani, F., Herrera, D., Jepsen, S., Lione, L., Madianos, P., et al. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/jcpe.12808 · Cited by 738 · see citing works
Self-citationSchwarz, F., Derks, J., Monje, A., & Wang, H. (2018) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.16-0350 · Cited by 723 · see citing works
Jepsen, S., Caton, J. G., Albandar, J. M., Bissada, N. F., Bouchard, P., Cortellini, P., Demirel, K., de Sanctis, M., Ercoli, C., Fan, J., et al. (2018) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.17-0733 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
Self-citationRenvert, S., Persson, G. R., Pirih, F. Q. M., & Camargo, P. M. (2018) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/jcpe.12956 · Cited by 589 · see citing works
Jepsen, S., Caton, J. G., Albandar, J. M., Bissada, N. F., Bouchard, P., Cortellini, P., Demirel, K., de Sanctis, M., Ercoli, C., Fan, J., et al. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/jcpe.12951 · Cited by 566 · see citing works
Self-citationCortellini, P., & Bissada, N. F. (2018) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.16-0671 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Dental plaque–induced gingival conditions
Murakami, S., Mealey, B. L., Mariotti, A. J., & Chapple, I. (2018) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.17-0095 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Self-citationPlaque‐induced gingivitis: Case definition and diagnostic considerations
Trombelli, L., Fariña, R., Silva, C. O., & Tatakis, D. N. (2018) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.17-0576 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Consensus Report: Aggressive Periodontitis
Lang, N. P., Bartold, P. M., Cullinan, M. P., et al. (1999) · Annals of Periodontology · doi:10.1902/annals.1999.4.1.53 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Renvert, S., Persson, G. R., Pirih, F. Q., & Camargo, P. M. (2018) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.17-0588 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Heitz‐Mayfield, L. J. A., & Salvi, G. E. (2018) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.16-0488 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Lang, N. P., & Bartold, P. M. (2018) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.16-0517 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Consensus Report: Chronic Periodontitis
Lindhe, J., Ranney, R. R., Lamster, I. B., et al. (1999) · Annals of Periodontology · doi:10.1902/annals.1999.4.1.38 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Albandar, J. M., Susin, C., & Hughes, F. J. (2018) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.16-0480 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Herrera, D., Retamal‐Valdes, B., Alonso, B., & Feres, M. (2018) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.16-0642 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Araújo, M. G., & Lindhe, J. (2018) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.16-0424 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
The etiology of hard‐ and soft‐tissue deficiencies at dental implants: A narrative review
Hämmerle, C. H. F., & Tarnow, D. (2018) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.16-0810 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Fan, J., & Caton, J. G. (2018) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.16-0581 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citationBillings, M., Holtfreter, B., Papapanou, P. N., et al. (2018) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.17-0670 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citationHerrera, D., Retamal‐Valdes, B., Alonso, B., & Feres, M. (2018) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/jcpe.12941 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Non–plaque‐induced gingival diseases
Holmstrup, P., Plemons, J. M., & Meyle, J. (2018) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/jcpe.12938 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Classification and diagnosis of aggressive periodontitis
Fine, D. H., Patil, A. G., & Loos, B. G. (2018) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.16-0712 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Non–plaque‐induced gingival diseases
Holmstrup, P., Plemons, J. M., & Meyle, J. (2018) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.17-0163 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Mean annual attachment, bone level, and tooth loss: A systematic review
Needleman, I. G., García, R. I., Gkranias, N., et al. (2018) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.17-0062 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Dental prostheses and tooth‐related factors
Ercoli, C., & Caton, J. G. (2018) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.16-0569 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationPeriodontal diagnosis and diagnostic aids
Caton, J. S. (1989) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationConsensus Report: Necrotizing Periodontal Diseases
Lang, N. P., Soskolne, W. A., Greenstein, G., et al. (1999) · Annals of Periodontology · doi:10.1902/annals.1999.4.1.78 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Caton J, 1989, World Workshop in Clinical Periodontics, I1
- 1989, World Workshop in Clinical Periodontics, I23
- Proceedings of the 1st European Workshop on Periodontics, 1993
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Treatment of stage I–III periodontitis—The EFP S3 level clinical practice guideline
Sanz, M., Herrera, D., Kebschull, M., Chapple, I., Jepsen, S., Berglundh, T., Sculean, A., Tonetti, M. S., & Consultants, E. W. P. A. M. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/jcpe.13290 · Cited by 1,934 · see citing works
Self-citationAnalysis the Link between Periodontal Diseases and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review
Borsa, L., Dubois, M., Sacco, G., & Lupi, L. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18179312 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Gul, S. S., Abdulkareem, A. A., Sha, A. M., & Rawlinson, A. (2020) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics10100838 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Geddis‐Regan, A. R., Gray, D., Buckingham, S., Misra, U., Boyle, C., & the British Society for Disability and Oral Health (2022) · Special Care in Dentistry · doi:10.1111/scd.12652 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Is Peri-Implant Probing Causing Over-Diagnosis and Over-Treatment of Dental Implants?
Coli, P., & Sennerby, L. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8081123 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Neutrophil Subsets in Periodontal Health and Disease: A Mini Review
Hirschfeld, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.03001 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Vlachodimou, E., Fragkioudakis, I., & Vouros, I. (2021) · Dentistry Journal · doi:10.3390/dj9030034 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Esparbès, P., Legrand, A., Bandiaky, O. N., Chéraud-Carpentier, M., Martin, H., Montassier, E., & Soueidan, A. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9112364 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Mahendra, J., Palathingal, P., Mahendra, L., Alzahrani, K. J., Banjer, H. J., Alsharif, K. F., Halawani, I. F., Muralidharan, J., Annamalai, P. T., Verma, S. S., et al. (2022) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology11030451 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Huang, X., Liu, Y., Wang, Q., Rehman, H. M., Horváth, D., Zhou, S., Fu, R., Zhang, L., Szöllősi, A. G., & Li, Z. (2023) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-023-03181-x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
RetractedPrognostic utility of oral neutrophil counts in high-risk periodontitis: A retrospective study
Prete, B. R. J., Barbour, A., Sun, C., Tenenbaum, H. C., Goldberg, M. B., & Glogauer, M. (2025) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.11360 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The current classification scheme for periodontitis 6 was designed with this in mind.”
Paz, H. E. S., Monteiro, M. F., Stolf, C. S., Altabtbaei, K., Casati, M. Z., Casarin, R. C. V., & Kumar, P. S. (2022) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.21-0411 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- Caton, J. G., Armitage, G., Berglundh, T., Chapple, I. L. C., Jepsen, S., Kornman, K. S., Mealey, B. L., Papapanou, P. N., Sanz, M., & Tonetti, M. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Rochester Medicine (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- University of Bonn (DE)
- University of Michigan (US)
- The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid (ES)
- University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Corresponding author
- Caton, Jack G.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Periodontology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2018-06
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- S1
- Pages
- S1-S8
- ISSN
- 0022-3492 (ISSN-L)
- 1943-3670
- OpenAlex
- W2809416758
- Semantic Scholar
- cc724fca2c9933386ad0c987d55e18a98d6f2894
- Cited by
- 1,845
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 81 · 2025: 199 · 2024: 246 · 2023: 284 · 2022: 293 · 2021: 308 · 2020: 263 · 2019: 142 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 210.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Periodontology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- American Academy of Periodontology Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Oral Surgery › Dental Implant Techniques and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Periodontal Regeneration and Treatments
- Keywords
- disease classification, case definition, diagnostic criteria, consensus classification, periodontitis, periodontal disease classification, peri-implantitis, peri-implant disease, implant dentistry
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Periodontal Diseases, Periodontics, Consensus, Peri-Implantitis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
