The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A standardized mean difference effect size for single case designs
Abstract
Single case designs are a set of research methods for evaluating treatment effects by assigning different treatments to the same individual and measuring outcomes over time and are used across fields such as behavior analysis, clinical psychology, special education, and medicine. Emerging standards for single case designs have focused attention on the need for effect sizes for summarizing and meta‐analyzing findings from the designs; although many effect size measures have been proposed, there is little consensus regarding their use. This article proposes a new effect size measure for single case research that is directly comparable with the standardized mean difference (Cohen's d) often used in between‐subjects designs. Techniques are provided for estimating the new effect size, as well as its variance, from balanced or unbalanced treatment reversal designs. The proposed estimation methods are further evaluated using a simulation study and then demonstrated in two applications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Distribution Theory for Glass's Estimator of Effect Size and Related Estimators
Hedges, L. V. (1981) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164588 · Cited by 5,695
Self-citationThe Handbook of Research Synthesis and Meta-Analysis
(2019) · doi:10.7758/9781610448864 · Cited by 4,553
Statistical methods in psychology journals: Guidelines and explanations.
Wilkinson, L., & Task Force on Statistical Inference (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.8.594 · Cited by 2,791
Robust variance estimation in meta‐regression with dependent effect size estimates
Hedges, L. V., Tipton, E., & Johnson, M. C. (2010) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.5 · Cited by 2,086
Self-citationBox, G. E. P. (1954) · The Annals of Mathematical Statistics · doi:10.1214/aoms/1177728786 · Cited by 1,513
Single-Case Designs Technical Documentation.
Kratochwill, T. R., Hitchcock, J. H., Horner, R., Levin, J., Odom, S. L., Rindskopf, D. M., & Shadish, W. R. (2010) · Cited by 1,345
Self-citationRESAMPLING TESTS FOR META-ANALYSIS OF ECOLOGICAL DATA
Adams, D. C., Gurevitch, J., & Rosenberg, M. S. (1997) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[1277:rtfmao]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 688
(2009) · Cited by 670
Effect Sizes in Cluster-Randomized Designs
Hedges, L. V. (2007) · Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics · doi:10.3102/1076998606298043 · Cited by 567
Self-citationQuadratic Forms in Random Variables: Theory and Applications.
Olkin, I., Mathai, A. M., & Provost, S. B. (1992) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290674 · Cited by 509
Cited by
Mindfulness-based interventions with youth: A comprehensive meta-analysis of group-design studies
Klingbeil, D. A., Renshaw, T. L., Willenbrink, J. B., Copek, R. A., Chan, K. T., Haddock, A., Yassine, J., & Clifton, J. (2017) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2017.03.006 · Cited by 312
Shadish, W. R., Hedges, L. V., & Pustejovsky, J. E. (2014) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2013.11.005 · Cited by 269
Self-citationShadish, W. R., Zelinsky, N. A. M., Vevea, J. L., & Kratochwill, T. R. (2016) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.308 · Cited by 130
Interventions for Secondary Traumatic Stress With Mental Health Workers: A Systematic Review
Bercier, M. L., & Maynard, B. R. (2015) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731513517142 · Cited by 129
Comparing Visual and Statistical Analysis in Single-Case Studies Using Published Studies
Harrington, M., & Velicer, W. F. (2015) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2014.973989 · Cited by 114
Metadata
- Authors
- Hedges, L. V., Pustejovsky, J. E., & Shadish, W. R.
- Venue
- Research Synthesis Methods
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-08-14
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 224-239
- ISSN
- 1759-2879 (ISSN-L)
- 1759-2887
- OpenAlex
- W2064022568
- Cited by
- 305
- References
- 21
- FWCI
- 16.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: A standardized mean difference effect size for single case designs. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1002/jrsm.1052
- The paper
- Hedges, L. V., Pustejovsky, J. E., & Shadish, W. R. (2012). A standardized mean difference effect size for single case designs. Research Synthesis Methods. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1052
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.