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Neither fixed nor random: weighted least squares meta‐regression
Open accessAbstract
Our study revisits and challenges two core conventional meta-regression estimators: the prevalent use of 'mixed-effects' or random-effects meta-regression analysis and the correction of standard errors that defines fixed-effects meta-regression analysis (FE-MRA). We show how and explain why an unrestricted weighted least squares MRA (WLS-MRA) estimator is superior to conventional random-effects (or mixed-effects) meta-regression when there is publication (or small-sample) bias that is as good as FE-MRA in all cases and better than fixed effects in most practical applications. Simulations and statistical theory show that WLS-MRA provides satisfactory estimates of meta-regression coefficients that are practically equivalent to mixed effects or random effects when there is no publication bias. When there is publication selection bias, WLS-MRA always has smaller bias than mixed effects or random effects. In practical applications, an unrestricted WLS meta-regression is likely to give practically equivalent or superior estimates to fixed-effects, random-effects, and mixed-effects meta-regression approaches. However, random-effects meta-regression remains viable and perhaps somewhat preferable if selection for statistical significance (publication bias) can be ruled out and when random, additive normal heterogeneity is known to directly affect the 'true' regression coefficient. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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“However, the simulations reported by Stanley & Doucouliagos, 2017) show that there is little difference between random effects models and the UWLS‐MRA, which appears to be even superior when there is a sizeable.”
From Public sector reforms and their impact on the level of corruption: A systematic review (2021) · cites this paper as Stanley & Doucouliagos, 2017
In the citing paper
“Conventional meta‐analytic models assume that the sampling variances are known. Conversely, the UWLS‐MRA assumes that the sampling variances are known only up to a proportionality constant σe2, which is “automatically estimated by the mean squared error, MSE” (Stanley & Doucouliagos, 2017, p. 22).”
From Public sector reforms and their impact on the level of corruption: A systematic review (2021) · cites this paper as Stanley & Doucouliagos, 2017
In the citing paper
“Recently, Stanley & Doucouliagos, 2017) challenged the conventional meta (regression) models by proposing a third alternative: the Unconditional Weighted Least Square Meta‐Regression Analysis (henceforth UWLS‐MRA).”
From Public sector reforms and their impact on the level of corruption: A systematic review (2021) · cites this paper as Stanley & Doucouliagos, 2017
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Metadata
- Authors
- Stanley, T. D., & Doucouliagos, H.
- Affiliations
- Hendrix College (US)
- Deakin University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Stanley, T. D.
- Venue
- Research Synthesis Methods
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-06-20
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 19-42
- ISSN
- 1759-2879 (ISSN-L)
- 1759-2887
- OpenAlex
- W2462813397
- Cited by
- 205
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 16.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Locations
- Research Synthesis Methods (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Grantová Agentura České Republiky (15‐02411S)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Keywords
- publication bias, small sample bias, standard error correction, heterogeneity
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Computer Simulation, Humans, Markov Chains, Publishing, Regression Analysis, Research Design, Models, Statistical, Least-Squares Analysis, Publication Bias, Sample Size
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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