Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in aquatic animal tissue using cleanup by freezing‐dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with GC‐MS

Only on a few occasions were complex samples analyzed for PCBs/PBDEs, such as soils or aquatic organisms.

“From Table 3, it is clear that only on a few occasions were there analyses of complex samples {e.g., soils [60] or aquatic organisms in which bioaccumulation of these analytes may occur [59,61]}.”

Chlorobenzene and tetrachloroethane were preferred as extractant solvents for PCBs/PBDEs, while acetonitrile and acetone were used as disperser solvents, except one case using tetrahydrofurane.

“Chlorobenzene [59-61,77] and tetrachloroethane [56,76,78] were preferred in all cases as extractant solvents (volumes less than 35 l L), while acetonitrile [56,76] and acetone [5961,77] were used as disperser solvent, except in one case in which tetrahydrofurane was used [78].”

The LODs for Liu et al. [61] were 2.4-4.9 μg/kg.

“The LODs were slightly higher (2.4-4.9 l g/kg).”

So far, DLLME has been used for determination of PCBs by HPLC-UV and PBDEs by GC-ECD and GC-MS.

“So far, the technique has been used for the determination of PCBs by HPLC-UV [76-78] and PBDEs by GC-ECD [56,59,60,72] and GCMS [61].”

Liu et al. [61] applied the same method to determine PBDEs in frog, snail and fish.

“Later, Liu et al. [61] applied the same method to determine PBDEs in frog, snail and fish using 4 g of anhydrous Na2SO4, 33 l L of chlorobenzene and 0.75 mL of acetone extract.”