Application of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of three phthalate esters in water samples
Abstract
A novel method, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-variable wavelength detector (HPLC-VWD), has been developed for the determination of three phthalate esters (dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP)) in water samples. A mixture of extraction solvent (41 microL carbon tetrachloride) and dispersive solvent (0.75 mL acetonitrile) were rapidly injected into 5.0 mL aqueous sample for the formation of cloudy solution, the analytes in the sample were extracted into the fine droplets of CCl4. After extraction, phase separation was performed by centrifugation and the enriched analytes in the sedimented phase were determined by HPLC-VWD. Some important parameters, such as the kind and volume of extraction solvent and dispersive solvent, extraction time and salt effect were investigated and optimized. Under the optimum extraction condition, the method yields a linear calibration curve in the concentration range from 5 to 5000 ng mL(-1) for target analytes. The enrichment factors for DMP, DEP and DnBP were 45, 92 and 196, respectively, and the limits of detection were 1.8, 0.88 and 0.64 ng mL(-1), respectively. The relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) for the extraction of 10 ng mL(-1) of phthalate esters were in the range of 4.3-5.9% (n=7). Lake water, tap water and bottled mineral water samples were successfully analyzed using the proposed method.
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Most extractant solvents used in DLLME are highly toxic, such as halogenated hydrocarbons.
“Most of the extractant solvents used are highly toxic such as halogenated hydrocarbons [16-18].”
From Deep eutectic solvent as a novel disperser in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet (DLLME-SFOD) for preconcentration of steroids in water samples: Assessment of the method deleterious impact on the environment using Analytical Eco-Scale and Green Analytical Procedure Index (2019) · cites this paper as [16]
Endocrine disrupters, antioxidants, PAHs and other organic compounds of different natures have been analyzed by DLLME, IL-DLLME and DLLME-SFO.
“Endocrine disrupters [10,18,57,59,80-83], antioxidants [62,84], PAHs [9,11,66,67,85,86] and other organic compounds of different natures [7,8,63, 87-104] have been analyzed by DLLME, IL-DLLME and DLLME-SFO.”
From Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for determination of organic analytes (2010) · cites this paper as [81]
DLLME has been utilised in the extraction of different organic and inorganic analytes.
“DLLME has been utilised in the extraction of different organic and inorganic analytes [27-30].”
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- Authors
- Liang, P., Xu, J., & Li, Q.
- Affiliations
- Central China Normal University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Liang, Pei
- Venue
- Analytica Chimica Acta
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-02
- Volume
- 609
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 53-58
- ISSN
- 0003-2670 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2089522280
- Cited by
- 276
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 26.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Analytica Chimica Acta (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical chemistry methods development
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Analytical Chemistry and Chromatography
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Keywords
- dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, phthalates, dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, water analysis, carbon tetrachloride extraction, preconcentration, lake water, tap water, bottled mineral water
- MeSH terms
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Esters, Osmolar Concentration, Phthalic Acids, Solvents, Water
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