The relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder and smoking outcome expectancies among U.S. military veterans who served since September 11, 2001
Open accessAbstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with increased rates of smoking although little is known regarding the mechanisms underlying this relationship. The current study examined expectations about smoking outcomes among smokers with and without PTSD. The sample included 96 veterans (mean age of 34 years) and included 17% women and 50% racial minorities. Smoking expectancies were measured with the Smoking Consequences Questionnaire‐Adult (Copeland, Brandon, & Quinn,1995). Consistent with previous work suggesting that smokers with PTSD smoke in an effort to reduce negative affect, unadjusted analyses indicated that smokers with PTSD (n= 38) had higher expectations that smoking reduces negative affect than smokers without PTSD (d= 0.61). Smokers with PTSD also had increased expectancies associated with boredom reduction (d= 0.48), stimulation (d= 0.61), taste/sensorimotor manipulation aspects of smoking (d= 0.73), and social facilitation (d= 0.61). Results of hierarchical linear regression analyses indicated that PTSD symptom severity was uniquely associated with these expectancies beyond the effects of gender and nicotine dependence. More positive beliefs about the consequences of smoking may increase risk of continued smoking among those with PTSD who smoke. Further understanding of smoking expectancies in this group may help in developing interventions tailored for this vulnerable population.
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Patients with PTSD smoke at higher rates.
“smoke at higher rates (Calhoun et al., 2011a)”
From Maladaptive autonomic regulation in PTSD accelerates physiological aging (2015) · cites this paper as Calhoun et al., 2011a
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Maladaptive autonomic regulation in PTSD accelerates physiological aging
Williamson, J. B., Porges, E. C., Lamb, D. G., & Porges, S. W. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01571 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
- Authors
- Calhoun, P. S., Levin, H. F., Dedert, E. A., Johnson, Y., The VA Mid‐Atlantic Mental Illness Research, E., & Beckham, J. C.
- Affiliations
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Calhoun, Patrick S.
- Venue
- Journal of Traumatic Stress
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-04-26
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 303-308
- ISSN
- 0894-9867 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6598
- PMC
- PMC3220052
- OpenAlex
- W2089036650
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Traumatic Stress (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k24da016388-10)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K24-DA-016388, R21DA019704)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA081595, R21CA128965)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, smoking expectancies, military veterans, September 11 attacks, boredom reduction, stimulation, social facilitation, nicotine dependence, PTSD symptom severity, smoking cessation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index, Smoking, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Tobacco Use Disorder, United States, Veterans, September 11 Terrorist Attacks
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