Trajectories of PTSD symptoms following sexual assault: Is resilience the modal outcome?

Steenkamp, Maria M.; Dickstein, Benjamin D.; Salters‐Pedneault, Kristalyn; Hofmann, Stefan G.; Litz, Brett T.

doi:10.1002/jts.21718

Cited by 150Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchSexual Assault and Victimization StudiesChild Abuse and Trauma

Trajectories of PTSD symptoms following sexual assault: Is resilience the modal outcome?

Steenkamp, Maria M., Dickstein, Benjamin D., Salters‐Pedneault, Kristalyn, Hofmann, Stefan G., Litz, Brett T.·2012·Journal of Traumatic Stress

DOI 10.1002/jts.21718

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Abstract

Theoretical frameworks positing qualitatively distinct trajectories of posttrauma outcome have received initial empirical support, but have not been investigated in cases of severe interpersonal trauma. To address this limitation, we conducted latent class growth analysis with longitudinal data collected from 119 female sexual assault survivors at 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-months postassault. Participants' mean age was 33 years; 63% were White. We hypothesized that given the severity of exposure associated with sexual assault, resilience would not be the modal course of adaptation. Four distinct PTSD growth trajectories, representing unique latent classes of participants, best fit the data: a high chronic trajectory, a moderate chronic trajectory, a moderate recovery trajectory, and a marked recovery trajectory. Contrary to previous studies and recent theoretical models, resilience and resistance trajectories were not observed, as high levels of distress were evident in nearly all participants at 1-month postassault. These results suggest that theoretical models of posttrauma response positing resilience as the modal outcome may not generalize to cases of sexual assault.

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Immediately following sexual assault, the majority of survivors experience PTSD symptoms.
“Immediately following sexual assault, the majority of survivors experience PTSD symptoms (Rothbaum et al., 1992; Steenkamp et al., 2012).”
From PTSD in the Year Following Sexual Assault: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies (2023) · cites this paper as Steenkamp et al., 2012

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Self-citation

Authors: Steenkamp, M. M., Dickstein, B. D., Salters‐Pedneault, K., Hofmann, S. G., & Litz, B. T.
Affiliations: Boston University (US)
Eastern Connecticut State University (US)
Corresponding author: Steenkamp, Maria M.
ORCID: Steenkamp, Maria M.
Salters‐Pedneault, Kristalyn
Hofmann, Stefan G.
Litz, Brett T.
Venue: Journal of Traumatic Stress
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2012-07-13
Volume: 25
Issue: 4
Pages: 469-474
ISSN: 0894-9867 (ISSN-L)
1573-6598
DOI: 10.1002/jts.21718
OpenAlex: W2068827642
Cited by: 150
References: 20
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 4
FWCI: 8.33
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Journal of Traumatic Stress (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder, sexual assault, PTSD symptom trajectories, resilience, interpersonal trauma, latent class growth analysis
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Psychological Tests, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Offenses, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Time Factors, Crime Victims, Resilience, Psychological, Young Adult

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Trajectories of PTSD symptoms following sexual assault: Is resilience the modal outcome?

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