Longitudinal Relationships of Social Reactions, PTSD, and Revictimization in Sexual Assault Survivors
Open accessAbstract
Sexual assault survivors receive various positive and negative social reactions to assault disclosures, yet little is known about the directionality of associations of social reactions to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms over time. Data from a large, diverse sample of women who had experienced adult sexual assault was analyzed with hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) to examine how negative and positive reactions relate to PTSD symptoms over 3 years and to test the hypothesis that the relationship between negative social reactions and PTSD symptoms is reciprocal. We found that, as predicted, social reactions predicted subsequent PTSD symptoms, and in turn PTSD symptoms predicted subsequent social reactions. We also investigated the role of sexual revictimization by comparing women who suffered (vs. not) additional sexual victimization during the course of our study. Revictimized women had greater PTSD symptoms and more negative social reactions, but associations of social reactions with PTSD symptoms did not vary according to revictimization status. Implications for practice and suggestions for future research are discussed.
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“Loss to follow-up may lead individuals to cope in isolation (Ackerman et al., 2006; Campbell, 2006; Monroe et al., 2005; Ullman, 2007; Ullman et al., 2018; Ullman & Peter-Hagene, 2014; Ullman & Relyea, 2016; Walsh et al., 2012,, 2013; Young-Wolff et al., 2018).”
Background
- Authors
- Ullman, S. E., & Peter-Hagene, L. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ullman, Sarah E.
- Venue
- Journal of Interpersonal Violence
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2014-12-22
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1074-1094
- ISSN
- 0886-2605 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-6518
- PMC
- PMC4748383
- OpenAlex
- W1987403125
- Cited by
- 138
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 10.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Interpersonal Violence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01AA017429, AA17429)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- sexual assault survivors, post-traumatic stress disorder, social reactions, revictimization, reciprocal effects, disclosure of sexual assault, women, longitudinal associations
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Sex Offenses, Social Perception, Social Support, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Survivors, Crime Victims, Young Adult
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