Posttraumatic stress symptoms and alcohol-related outcomes among municipal firefighters
Abstract
This study examined levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and relationships between PTSS and alcohol-related outcomes in a near census of municipal firefighters. The study also assessed substance-use coping and drinking to cope as potential mediators of such outcomes. Firefighters (N = 740) completed measures that assessed PTSS, alcohol risk behaviors, alcohol problems, drinking motives, and coping with stress. Results showed that 32.4% of firefighters reported significant levels of PTSS using National Center for PTSD (2014) screening cutoff scores. Correlational analysis showed that PTSS was related to at-risk drinking (r = .18) and alcohol-related problems (r = .33), as well as use of maladaptive coping strategies (r = .58) and substance use coping (r = .40). Structural analyses comparing multiple alternative models suggested that a model that included substance use coping and drinking to cope as mediators of the association between PTSS and problem drinking provided the best fit to the data. Tests of multigroup invariance confirmed this model. Overall, PTSS were common in this population and they predicted maladaptive coping patterns and alcohol-related consequences. One implication of these findings is that fire departments might consider adding or enhancing screening and treatment options for PTS, alcohol misuse, or both.
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As many as 32.4% of firefighters meet criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
“As a result of chronic stress and exposure to potentially traumatic events, as many as 32.4% of firefighters meet criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with significantly more experiencing significant subclinical PTSD symptoms [2,3].”
From Mindful attention training workshop for firefighters: Design and methodology of a pilot randomized clinical trial (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
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Živoder, A., Beršnak, J. V., & Humer, Ž. (2026) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440261501759
- Authors
- Tomaka, J., Magoc, D., Morales‐Monks, S. M., & Reyes, A. C.
- Affiliations
- New Mexico State University (US)
- Stetson University (US)
- Texas Tech University (US)
- The University of Texas at El Paso (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tomaka, Joe
- ORCID
- Magoc, Dejan
- Venue
- Journal of Traumatic Stress
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-07-12
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 416-424
- ISSN
- 0894-9867 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6598
- OpenAlex
- W2735210356
- Cited by
- 77
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 7.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Traumatic Stress (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Performance
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- posttraumatic stress symptoms, firefighters, alcohol-related problems, hazardous drinking, drinking to cope, substance use coping, maladaptive coping, drinking motives, occupational injuries, mediation, screening and treatment
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Cities, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Southwestern United States, Models, Statistical, Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry), Alcohol-Related Disorders, Firefighters
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