Cited by 148Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchPersonality Disorders and PsychopathologyChild Abuse and Trauma

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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in DSM‐5 and ICD‐11 : Clinical and Behavioral Correlates

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Hyland, Philip, Shevlin, Mark, Fyvie, Claire, Karatzias, Thanos·2018·Journal of Traumatic Stress

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Abstract

The American Psychiatric Association and the World Health Organization provide distinct trauma‐based diagnoses in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ( DSM‐5 ), and the forthcoming 11th version of the International Classification of Diseases ( ICD‐11 ), respectively. The DSM‐5 conceptualizes posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a single, broad diagnosis, whereas the ICD‐11 proposes two “sibling” disorders: PTSD and complex PTSD (CPTSD). The objectives of the current study were to: (a) compare prevalence rates of PTSD/CPTSD based on each diagnostic system; (b) identify clinical and behavioral variables that distinguish ICD‐11 CPTSD and PTSD diagnoses; and (c) examine the diagnostic associations for ICD‐11 CPTSD and DSM‐5 PTSD. Participants in a predominately female clinical sample ( N = 106) completed self‐report scales to measure ICD‐11 PTSD and CPTSD, DSM‐5 PTSD, and depression, anxiety, borderline personality disorder, dissociation, destructive behaviors, and suicidal ideation and self‐harm. Significantly more people were diagnosed with PTSD according to the DSM‐5 criteria (90.4%) compared to those diagnosed with PTSD and CPTSD according to the ICD‐11 guidelines (79.8%). An ICD‐11 CPTSD diagnosis was distinguished from an ICD‐11 PTSD diagnosis by higher levels of dissociation ( d = 1.01), depression ( d = 0.63), and borderline personality disorder ( d = 0.55). Diagnostic associations with depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation and self‐harm were higher for ICD‐11 CPTSD compared to DSM‐5 PTSD (by 10.7%, 4.0%, and 7.0%, respectively). These results have implications for differential diagnosis and for the development of targeted treatments for CPTSD.

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“Consistent with theoretical models of CPTSD (Cloitre, Garvert, Brewin, Bryant, & Maercker, 2013), and findings from clinical (Hyland et al., 2018; Karatzias et al., 2017) and general population (Cloitre et al.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
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“…2020, 2019), and clinical (Hyland, Shevlin, Fyvie, & Karatzias, 2018; Kazlauskas, Gegieckaite, Hyland, Zelviene, & Cloitre, 2018) samples as well as among refugees (Hyland et al., 2018) and military personnel (Letica-Crepulja et al., 2020; Mordeno, Nalipay, & Mordeno, 2019; Murphy et al., 2020).”
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Method
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“This high CPTSD prevalence was also observed on other populations of survivors and victims of interpersonal violence (Cloitre et al., 2014, 2018; Hyland et al., 2017, 2018; Karatzias et al., 2016; Murphy et al., 2018; Simon et al., 2019; Vallières et al., 2018).”
BackgroundResult
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“Second, anxiety and depression were the only psychological outcomes assessed in the current study because of the abundance of literature indicating high levels of co-occurrence among these disorders.(18,20,78,79,84,85,86,87) However, other disorders associated with both disorders include dissociation(7,18,97) and bord…”
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Influential
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“…DES-T) (Waller & Ross, 1997) to assess dissociation ( n = 13) (Dorahy et al., 2013; Dorrepaal et al., 2012; Ford et al., 2015; Ford et al., 2017; Hyland et al., 2018; Longo et al., 2019; Peles et al., 2012, 2014; Powell, 1996; Sachsse et al., 2006; Tian et al., 2020; Van Dijke et al., 2015;…”
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“These results align with findings in a sample of trauma treatment seeking participants where higher levels of dissociation, depression and borderline symptoms were observed in CPTSD compared to PTSD patients (Hyland et al., 2018).”
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“This finding is consistent with previous studies which indicate that CPTSD is associated with higher levels of functional impairment related to the disorder (Cloitre et al., 2013; Elklit et al., 2014; Hyland et al., 2018a; Karatzias et al., 2018, 2017; Murphy et al., 2016).”
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“The ICD-11 also includes a complex PTSD diagnosis, which appears to be associated with greater levels of depression (Hyland et al. 2018).”
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“Similar to prior efforts (Abdollahpour et al. 2017), we developed items by reviewing Criterion A from the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (Hyland et al. 2018), which specifies a traumatic stressor as exposure to actual or threatened death or serious injury.”
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“…disorder than PTSD (Karatzias et al., 2017); and is more strongly correlated with other mental health problems such as depression, generalized anxiety, dissociation (Hyland, Shevlin, Fyvie, & Karatzias, 2018), and comorbid borderline personality and somatoform disorders (van Dijke et al., 2012).”
Self-citation
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Self-citation
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Complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) of ICD-11 in youths with childhood maltreatment: Associations with age of exposure and clinical outcomes
Marqués-Feixa, L., Moya, J., Romero, S., Santamarina-Pérez, P., Martín-González, N. S., Mas, A., Rapado‐Castro, M., Blasco-Fontecilla, H., Zorrilla, E. P., Forner-Puntonet, M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.03.088 · Cited by 18
Risk factors, comorbidity and social impairment of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD in Danish treatment-seeking military veterans
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Self-citation
Contemporary research on and scientifically based psychotherapeutic methods of treating PTSD in adults
Викторовна, К. Е. (2020) · Journal of Modern Foreign Psychology · doi:10.17759/jmfp.2020090410 · Cited by 17
The effectiveness of trauma-focused psychotherapy for complex post-traumatic stress disorder: A retrospective study
Melegkovits, E. A., Blumberg, J., Dixon, E., Ehntholt, K. A., Gillard, J., Kayal, H., Kember, T., Ottisova, L., Walsh, E., Wood, M., et al. (2022) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.2346 · Cited by 17
“The role of baseline depression on the trajectory of PTSD and functioning scores is noteworthy, as patients with CPTSD are known to experience worse levels of depression [16] and comorbid depression can negatively affect CPTSD treatment outcome [50, 51].”
Background
Neural responses to emotional stimuli across the dissociative spectrum: Common and specific mechanisms
Cavicchioli, M., Ogliari, A. C., Maffei, C., Mucci, C., Northoff, G., & Scalabrini, A. (2023) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13547 · Cited by 18
“Keywords related to clinical conditions ascribed to the DS were chosen referring to the highest tail of the dissociative continuum showed by Lyssenko and colleagues.19 Furthermore, we included specific keywords for complex PTSD according to a growing support for the validity and reliability of this diagnosis61 and its…”
MethodInfluential
Initial validation of the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) in a sample of Chilean adults
Fresno, A., Ramos, N., Núñez, D. E., Ulloa, J. L., Arriagada, J., Cloître, M., Bisson, J. I., Roberts, N. P., Shevlin, M. E., & Karatzias, T. (2023) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2023.2263313 · Cited by 18
“In terms of concurrent validity, PTSD and DSO showed a signi ﬁ cant positive association with depression, anxiety and suicidal risk, consistent with previous literature (Hyland et al., 2018).”
ResultSelf-citation
Introduction to the Special Section on Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD): The Evolution of a Disorder
Karatzias, T., & Levendosky, A. A. (2019) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22476 · Cited by 17
Self-citation
Brainstem Quadruple Aberrant Hyperphosphorylated Tau, Beta-Amyloid, Alpha-Synuclein and TDP-43 Pathology, Stress and Sleep Behavior Disorders
Calderón‐Garcidueñas, L., Rajkumar, R. P., Stommel, E. W., Kulesza, R. J., Mansour, Y., Villanueva, A. R., Flores-Vázquez, J. O., Brito-Aguilar, R., Ramírez-Sánchez, S., García-Alonso, G., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18136689 · Cited by 16
Associations between Allostatic Load and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Scoping Review
Carbone, J. T., Dell, N. A., Issa, M., & Watkins, M. A. (2022) · Health & Social Work · doi:10.1093/hsw/hlac001 · Cited by 14
Intimate partner violence and stress-related disorders: from epigenomics to resilience
Carannante, A., Giustini, M., Rota, F., Bailo, P., Piccinini, A., Izzo, G., Bollati, V., & Gaudi, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Global Women s Health · doi:10.3389/fgwh.2025.1536169 · Cited by 18
Measuring post-traumatic stress disorder and complex post-traumatic stress disorder using the International Trauma Questionnaire: results from a Hungarian clinical and non-clinical sample
Rácz, A., Horváth, Z., Vizin, G., Berán, E., & Unoka, Z. (2022) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2022.2152929 · Cited by 13
“%) was higher than that of PTSD (8.5%), which is in line with previous findings (Cloitre et al., 2018; Hyland et al., 2017; 2018; Karatzias et al., 2016; Møller et al., 2020; Murphy et al., 2020; Vallières et al., 2018).”
ResultInfluential
Dynamic networks of complex posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among college students with childhood trauma: insights from cross-sectional and cross-lagged panel network analysis
Liu, A., Liu, M., Ren, Y., Zhang, L. M., & Peng, Y. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2391656 · Cited by 16
“For example, Hyland et al. (2018) found that among people who experienced traumatic life events, the prevalence of CPTSD was 65.5%, and 69.2% of them met the criteria for depression.”
BackgroundInfluential
How important are Phase 1 interventions for complex interpersonal trauma? A pilot randomized control trial of a group psychoeducational intervention
Mahoney, A., Karatzias, T., Halliday, K., & Dougall, N. J. (2020) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2447 · Cited by 15
Self-citation
Multiple trauma exposure and psychopathology in Syrian refugees living in Turkey: A latent class analysis
Rawers, C., Redican, E., Alpay, E. H., McElroy, E., & Shevlin, M. E. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104220 · Cited by 12
Self-citation
Complex PTSD and identification with the aggressor among survivors of childhood abuse
Lahav, Y., Cloître, M., Hyland, P., Shevlin, M. E., Ben‐Ezra, M., & Karatzias, T. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107196 · Cited by 13
Self-citation
A Systematic Review of the Assessment of ICD‐11 Complex Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD) in Young People and Adults
Sarr, R., Quinton, A. M. G., Spain, D., & Rumball, F. (2024) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.3012 · Cited by 10
Prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in autistic children or young people (CYP) and adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Mansour, H., Kurana, S., Eshetu, A., Hoare, S., Baou, C. E., Arnold, I., Halys, C., Stewart, G. R., Desai, R., John, A., et al. (2025) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2025.102621 · Cited by 10
The role of resilience in the relationship between intimate partner violence severity and ICD-11 CPTSD severity
Fernández-Fillol, C., Hidalgo-Ruzzante, N. A., Pérez-Garcı́a, M., Hyland, P., Shevlin, M. E., & Karatzias, T. (2023) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2023.2285671 · Cited by 12
“The risk of su ﬀ ering CPTSD increases after exposure to interpersonal traumatic events (Hyland, Shevlin, et al., 2018).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
A comparison of ICD-11 and DSM-5 criteria of PTSD among Chinese trauma-exposed adolescent samples
Wang, L., Fang, R., Chen, C., & Cao, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1186138 · Cited by 9
Toward a definition of Attachment Trauma: integrating attachment and trauma studies
Zagaria, A., Baggio, T., Rodella, L., & Leto, K. (2024) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100416 · Cited by 22
Exploring the relationships between complex post-traumatic stress disorder and depression symptoms in the context of childhood maltreatment through network analysis
Lin, W., Liu, A., Wu, X., & Liu, M. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107215 · Cited by 10
Using explainable machine learning to investigate the relationship between childhood maltreatment, positive psychological traits, and CPTSD symptoms
Zhou, X., Liang, Z., & Zhang, G. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2455800 · Cited by 10
“Moreover, they are likely to have a higher incidence of comorbid conditions (Haselgruber et al., 2021; Hyland et al., 2018; Møller et al., 2021) and more significant functional impairments (Brewin et al., 2017; Haselgruber et al., 2020a; Karatzias et al., 2017b; Karatzias et al., 2019a).”
The Impact of Complex PTSD on Suicide Risk in Patients with Bipolar Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Study
Iazzolino, A. M., Valenza, M., D’Angelo, M., Longobardi, G., Stefano, V. D., Visalli, G., Steardo, L., Scuderi, C., & Steardo, L. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13030673 · Cited by 9
“…that firstly, patients with BD who endorsed prior suicide attempts exhibited significantly higher rates of trauma exposure than those with BD who negated a history of suicide attempts [33]; secondly, patients with cPTSD reported higher depression, anxiety, and self-harm compared to PTSD [34].”
Result
Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Review
Alpay, E. H., & ÇELİK, D. (2022) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.1050659 · Cited by 7
Health Status Perception and Psychological Sequelae in Buried Victims: An Observational Study on Survivors of the Earthquake in Amatrice (Italy), Three Years Later
Petrucci, E., Cofini, V., Pizzi, B., Sollecchia, G., Cascella, M., Necozione, S., Vittori, A., & Marinangeli, F. (2023) · Prehospital and Disaster Medicine · doi:10.1017/s1049023x23000146 · Cited by 8
Traumatic Experience, Human Rights Violations, and Their Intersection
Butler, L. D., & Critelli, F. M. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16395-2_2 · Cited by 8
Does tonic immobility mediate the effects of psychological violence on PTSD and complex PTSD?
Dokkedahl, S. B., Vang, M. L., & Elklit, A. (2022) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2022.100297 · Cited by 7
Can the PCL-5 be used as a potential indicator of probable Complex PTSD?
Hendrikx, L. J., Biscoe, N., & Murphy, D. (2024) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100387 · Cited by 7
Fatalism and ICD-11 CPTSD and PTSD diagnoses: results from Nigeria, Kenya & Ghana
Levin, Y., Bachem, R., Palgi, Y., Hyland, P., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M. E., Ben‐Ezra, M., & Maercker, A. R. A. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1988452 · Cited by 7
Self-citation
Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Links Trauma Exposure and Suicidal Behaviors Among Sexual Minority Populations: A New Target in Suicide Prevention?
Ellis, É. M., Wieling, E. A., & Tate, A. D. (2023) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2023.2233654 · Cited by 8
“While existing literature suggests that CPTSD may have a stronger association with suicide-related outcomes than PTSD alone (Hyland et al., 2018; Longo et al., 2021; Pinheiro et al., 2016), Coefficients presented are standardized.”
Background
Advances in Electroencephalography for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Identification: A Scoping Review
Salazar-Castro, J. A., Peluffo-Ordóñez, D. H., & López, D. M. (2025) · IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1109/ojemb.2025.3538498 · Cited by 6
Role of attachment style in the association between childhood adversities and non‐suicidal self‐injury among young adults: a multigroup structural equation study
Rossi, R., Jannini, T. B., Socci, V., Pacitti, F., Rossi, A., & Lorenzo, G. D. (2025) · General Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/gpsych-2023-101277 · Cited by 7
Exploring the connection between childhood trauma, dissociation, and borderline personality disorder in forensic psychiatry: a comprehensive case study
Scognamiglio, C., Sorge, A., Borrelli, G., Perrella, R., & Saita, E. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1332914 · Cited by 6
The trauma-suicide connection among racial and ethnically diverse lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults: Examining the roles of intersectional discrimination and complex posttraumatic stress disorder
Ellis, É. M., & Gutierrez, D. (2024) · Sexual and Gender Diversity in Social Services · doi:10.1080/29933021.2024.2323503 · Cited by 6
Rehabilitation for torture survivors: Six evidence myths and their implications for future research
Patel, N., & Williams, A. C. D. C. (2022) · Torture Journal · doi:10.7146/torture.v32i1-2.131776 · Cited by 7
Adult Clergy Sexual Abuse and PTSD: The Impact on Protestant Female Survivors
Pooler, D. K., & Droesch, R. M. (2025) · Pastoral Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11089-025-01228-0 · Cited by 5
“With a history of unresolved trauma, abuse lasting multiple years, and a fractured support system exacerbated by institutional betrayal, it may be that a significant percentage of these survivors have complex posttraumatic stress disorder (C-PTSD; Hyland et al., 2018).”
A comparison of DSM-5 and ICD-11 models of PTSD: Measurement invariance and psychometric validation in Filipino trauma samples
Garabiles, M. R., Mordeno, I. G., & Nalipay, M. J. N. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.05.006 · Cited by 5
ICD-11 complex post-traumatic stress disorder and psychiatric comorbidity among UK Armed Forces veterans in Northern Ireland: a latent class analysis
Robinson, M., McGlinchey, E., & Armour, C. (2023) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2023.2212551 · Cited by 6
“It is perhaps unsurprising, then, that those who experience complex traumatic events may subsequently develop a range of other mental health symptoms in addition to C-PTSD pathology, thus exhibiting transdiagnostic issues (Hyland et al., 2018).”
Background
Pilot exploration of post‐traumatic stress symptoms in intensive care unit survivors in Cyprus
Karanikola, M. N. K., Alexandrou, G., Mpouzika, M. D. A., Chatzittofis, A., Kusi‐Appiah, E., & Papathanassoglou, E. D. E. (2020) · Nursing in Critical Care · doi:10.1111/nicc.12574 · Cited by 5
Desarrollo de una versión breve de la PTSD Checklist (PCL) basada en la definición de trastorno de estrés postraumático de la CIE-11
Reguera, B., Altungy, P., Redondo, B. C., Navarro, R., Gesteira, C., Fausor, R., Morán, N., García‐Vera, M. P., & Sanz, J. (2021) · Ansiedad y Estrés · doi:10.5093/anyes2021a8 · Cited by 5
“…en los últimos años se viene desarrollando una línea de investigación muy fructífera que trata de poner a prueba y comparar esas distintas definiciones diagnósticas del TEPT, especialmente la de la CIE-11 en comparación a las del DSM-IV y DSM-5 (p. ej., Hyland et al., 2018; Wisco et al., 2017).”
Background
Exploring complex PTSD in patients visiting a psychiatric outpatient clinic in Kathmandu, Nepal
Koirala, R., Søegaard, E. G. I., Kan, Z., Ojha, S. P., Hauff, E., & Thapa, S. B. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.08.030 · Cited by 5
Psychosomatic symptoms associated with traumatic events experienced in medical students
Stanisławska–Kubiak, M., Stelcer, B., Wojciechowska, J., Kułacz, K., Szybowicz, U., & Mojs, E. H. (2023) · International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health · doi:10.13075/ijomeh.1896.02078 · Cited by 5
Thiamine Compounds Alleviate Oxidative Stress, Over-Expression of Pro-Inflammatory Markers and Behavioral Abnormalities in a Mouse Predation Model of PTSD
Strekalova, T. V., Вячеславовна, Г. А., Costa-Nunes, J. P., Litavrin, A., de Munter, J., Lyundup, A., Umriukhin, A., Proshin, A. T., Kalueff, A. V., Grünblatt, E., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26146627 · Cited by 5
“…state that children and adults over six years of age who experience a traumatic event, such as threatened death or serious injury, may develop a specific set of symptoms that last over one month, cause significant distress or impairment, and are not caused by drugs or other conditions [1,2].”
The psychometric properties of the International Trauma Questionnaire – Child and Adolescent version in Turkish culture
Çimen, F., & Seçer, İ. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2590402 · Cited by 4
“…as suggested by previous research, it was hypothesized that PTSD symptoms would show stronger associations with anxiety, whereas DSO symptoms would be more closely related to depression (Fung et al., 2022; Hyland et al., 2018; Karatzias et al., 2019; Murphy et al., 2021; Vang et al., 2021).”
Asylum seeker trauma in a student-run clinic: reducing barriers to forensic medical evaluations
Gallagher, A., Steiner, G., Michel, M., Gonzales, C. N., Mendez-Contreras, S., Lu, A. C., Armendariz, M., DeFries, T., Barakat, S., & Kivlahan, C. (2022) · Torture Journal · doi:10.7146/torture.v32i3.130227 · Cited by 5
“The ICD-11 Complex-PTSD (CPTSD) diagnosis includes symptoms which occur more often after exposure to events from which “escape is difficult or impossible such as childhood sexual abuse, torture, and detention” (Fortuna et al., 2019; Hyland et al., 2018; Maercker, 2021).”
Background
Latent profiles of PTSD and CPTSD: the importance of emotional hypoactivation
Teysseyre, J., Tapia, G., Raysseguier, C., Chami, L., Gissot, V., & El‐Hage, W. (2026) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2026.2661294 · Cited by 3
“Consistent with previous studies on ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD (Barbano et al., 2019; Hyland et al., 2018), depressive symptoms were significantly associated with the PTSD profile and with both CPTSD profiles.”
Exploring Differential Patterns of Dissociation: Severity and Dimensions Across Diverse Trauma Experiences and/or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms
Esposito, R., Schettino, E. M., Buonincontri, V., Vitale, C., Santangelo, G., & Maggi, G. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15070850 · Cited by 3
“…appear to be in contrast with those of previous studies demonstrating more severe dissociative manifestations in complex trauma than in acute PTSD (Cloitre et al., 2013; Dalenberg & Carlson, 2012; Hyland et al., 2018; Longo et al., 2019), which may be due to the different methodological approaches.”
MOSAIC: A New Pain-Free Psychotherapy for Psychological Trauma
Khalfa, S., & Poupard, G. (2020) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.202020200018 · Cited by 3

Authors: Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Fyvie, C., & Karatzias, T.
Affiliations: National College of Ireland (IE)
University of Ulster (GB)
NHS Lothian (GB)
Corresponding author: Hyland, Philip
ORCID: Hyland, Philip
Shevlin, Mark
Karatzias, Thanos
Venue: Journal of Traumatic Stress
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2018-03-25
Volume: 31
Issue: 2
Pages: 174-180
ISSN: 0894-9867 (ISSN-L)
1573-6598
DOI: 10.1002/jts.22272
OpenAlex: W2790549978
Cited by: 148
References: 28
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 2
FWCI: 14.69
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Journal of Traumatic Stress (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Maynooth University ePrints and eTheses Archive (Maynooth University) (acceptedVersion)
Ulster University Research Portal (Ulster University) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
Edinburgh Napier Research Repository (Edinburgh Napier University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder, complex PTSD, DSM-5, ICD-11, diagnostic classification, prevalence, dissociation, depression, borderline personality disorder, suicidal ideation, self-harm, anxiety, differential diagnosis
MeSH terms: Adult, Anxiety, Borderline Personality Disorder, Depression, Dissociative Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Prevalence, Self-Injurious Behavior, International Classification of Diseases, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Young Adult, Suicidal Ideation

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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in DSM‐5 and ICD‐11 : Clinical and Behavioral Correlates

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