The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in DSM‐5 and ICD‐11 : Clinical and Behavioral Correlates
Open accessAbstract
The American Psychiatric Association and the World Health Organization provide distinct trauma‐based diagnoses in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ( DSM‐5 ), and the forthcoming 11th version of the International Classification of Diseases ( ICD‐11 ), respectively. The DSM‐5 conceptualizes posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a single, broad diagnosis, whereas the ICD‐11 proposes two “sibling” disorders: PTSD and complex PTSD (CPTSD). The objectives of the current study were to: (a) compare prevalence rates of PTSD/CPTSD based on each diagnostic system; (b) identify clinical and behavioral variables that distinguish ICD‐11 CPTSD and PTSD diagnoses; and (c) examine the diagnostic associations for ICD‐11 CPTSD and DSM‐5 PTSD. Participants in a predominately female clinical sample ( N = 106) completed self‐report scales to measure ICD‐11 PTSD and CPTSD, DSM‐5 PTSD, and depression, anxiety, borderline personality disorder, dissociation, destructive behaviors, and suicidal ideation and self‐harm. Significantly more people were diagnosed with PTSD according to the DSM‐5 criteria (90.4%) compared to those diagnosed with PTSD and CPTSD according to the ICD‐11 guidelines (79.8%). An ICD‐11 CPTSD diagnosis was distinguished from an ICD‐11 PTSD diagnosis by higher levels of dissociation ( d = 1.01), depression ( d = 0.63), and borderline personality disorder ( d = 0.55). Diagnostic associations with depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation and self‐harm were higher for ICD‐11 CPTSD compared to DSM‐5 PTSD (by 10.7%, 4.0%, and 7.0%, respectively). These results have implications for differential diagnosis and for the development of targeted treatments for CPTSD.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Chronic and cumulative exposure to multiple types of interpersonal trauma, especially in formative developmental periods in childhood but also including in adulthood [35], has repeatedly been shown to have an incremental dose-response relationship to cPTSD [6, 12, 18, 20, 51, 52, 54, 75, 77, 87, 122, 155].”
From Complex PTSD and borderline personality disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [77]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x · Cited by 47,139
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed.
Carter, M. J. (2014) · Therapeutic Recreation Journal · Cited by 15,154
Blevins, C. A., Weathers, F. W., Davis, M. T., Witte, T. K., & Domino, J. L. (2015) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22059 · Cited by 5,233
Kotov, R., Krueger, R. F., Watson, D., Achenbach, T. M., Althoff, R. R., Bagby, R. M., Brown, T. A., Carpenter, W. T., Caspi, A., Clark, L. A., et al. (2017) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000258 · Cited by 3,335
Diagnosis and classification of disorders specifically associated with stress: proposals for ICD-11
Maercker, A., Brewin, C. R., Bryant, R. A., Cloitre, M., van Ommeren, M., Jones, L. M., Humayan, A., Kagee, A., Llosa, A. E., Rousseau, C., et al. (2013) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20057 · Cited by 762
Evidence for proposed ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD: a latent profile analysis
Cloitre, M., Garvert, D. W., Brewin, C. R., Bryant, R. A., & Maercker, A. (2013) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.20706 · Cited by 751
A review of current evidence regarding the ICD-11 proposals for diagnosing PTSD and complex PTSD
Brewin, C. R., Cloitre, M., Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Maercker, A., Bryant, R. A., Humayun, A., Jones, L. M., Kagee, A., Rousseau, C., et al. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.09.001 · Cited by 678 · cited 1×
“To date, numerous studies employing confirmatory factor analysis and latent class analysis have provided empirical support for the construct validity of ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD (see Brewin et al., 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citationTreatment for PTSD Related to Childhood Abuse: a Randomized Controlled Trial
Cloitre, M., Stovall-McClough, K. C., Nooner, K., Zorbas, P., Cherry, S., Jackson, C. L., Gan, W., & Petkova, E. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09081247 · Cited by 642 · cited 2×
“At present, there are few psychological treatments specifically designed to treat CPTSD (Cloitre et al., 2010); therefore, the identification of clinical factors that meaningfully differentiate CPTSD from PTSD may have important implications not only for differential diagnosis but also for the development of targeted…”
BackgroundFlory, J. D., & Yehuda, R. (2015) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2015.17.2/jflory · Cited by 629
Distinguishing PTSD, Complex PTSD, and Borderline Personality Disorder: A latent class analysis
Cloitre, M., Garvert, D. W., Weiss, B., Carlson, E. B., & Bryant, R. A. (2014) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v5.25097 · Cited by 468
Finalizing PTSD in DSM-5 : Getting Here From There and Where to Go Next
Friedman, M. J. (2013) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21840 · Cited by 415
A critical evaluation of the complex PTSD literature: Implications for DSM‐5
Resick, P. A., Bovin, M. J., Calloway, A. L., Dick, A. M., King, M. W., Mitchell, K. S., Suvak, M. K., Wells, S. Y., Stirman, S. W., & Wolf, E. J. (2012) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21699 · Cited by 365
Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M. E., Fyvie, C., Hyland, P., Efthymiadou, E., Wilson, D., Roberts, N. P., Bisson, J. I., Brewin, C. R., & Cloître, M. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.032 · Cited by 365
Self-citationHyland, P., Shevlin, M., Brewin, C. R., Cloitre, M., Downes, A. J., Jumbe, S., Karatzias, T., Bisson, J. I., & Roberts, N. P. (2017) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12771 · Cited by 295
Self-citationHyland, P., Murphy, J., Shevlin, M., Vallières, F., McElroy, E., Elklit, A., Christoffersen, M., & Cloitre, M. (2017) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-017-1350-8 · Cited by 221
Self-citationElklit, A., Hyland, P., & Shevlin, M. (2014) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v5.24221 · Cited by 172
Self-citationKaratzias, T., Shevlin, M., Fyvie, C., Hyland, P., Efthymiadou, E., Wilson, D., Roberts, N., Bisson, J., Brewin, C., & Cloitre, M. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.10.009 · Cited by 169
Self-citationO'Donnell, M. L., Alkemade, N., Nickerson, A., Creamer, M., McFarlane, A. C., Silove, D., Bryant, R. A., & Forbes, D. (2014) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.135285 · Cited by 131
The structure of PTSD symptoms: A test of alternative models using confirmatory factor analysis
Elklit, A., & Shevlin, M. E. (2006) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466506x171540 · Cited by 130
Self-citationDevelopment and Validation of the Dissociative Symptoms Scale
Carlson, E. B., Waelde, L. C., Palmieri, P. A., Macia, K. S., Smith, S. R., & McDade‐Montez, E. (2016) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191116645904 · Cited by 129
Dalenberg, C., & Carlson, E. B. (2012) · Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy · doi:10.1037/a0027900 · Cited by 108
Less is more? Assessing the validity of the ICD-11 model of PTSD across multiple trauma samples
Hansen, M., Hyland, P., Armour, C., Shevlin, M. E., & Elklit, A. (2015) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v6.28766 · Cited by 105
Self-citationThe impact of proposed changes to ICD-11 on estimates of PTSD prevalence and comorbidity
Wisco, B. E., Miller, M. W., Wolf, E. J., Kilpatrick, D. G., Resnick, H. S., Badour, C. L., Marx, B. P., Keane, T. M., Rosen, R. C., & Friedman, M. J. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.043 · Cited by 84
Complex PTSD: research directions for nosology/assessment, treatment, and public health
Ford, J. D. (2015) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v6.27584 · Cited by 81
Differential predictors of DSM-5 PTSD and ICD-11 complex PTSD among African American women
Powers, A. D., Fani, N., Carter, S. E., Cross, D., Cloître, M., & Bradley, B. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2017.1338914 · Cited by 73
Murphy, S., Elklit, A., Dokkedahl, S., & Shevlin, M. (2016) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v7.32678 · Cited by 71
Self-citationDevelopment and Initial Validation of the Structured Interview for Self-Destructive Behaviors
Carlson, E. B., McDade‐Montez, E., Armstrong, J., Dalenberg, C. J., & Loewenstein, R. J. (2013) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2012.762822 · Cited by 9
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Cloitre M., 2015, The ICD‐11 Trauma Questionnaire. Self‐Report Community Version 1.2
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Karatzias, T., Hyland, P., Bradley, A., Cloître, M., Roberts, N. P., Bisson, J. I., & Shevlin, M. E. (2019) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22934 · Cited by 243
“Consistent with theoretical models of CPTSD (Cloitre, Garvert, Brewin, Bryant, & Maercker, 2013), and findings from clinical (Hyland et al., 2018; Karatzias et al., 2017) and general population (Cloitre et al.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationTreatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A State-of-the-art Review
Burback, L., Brémault‐Phillips, S., Nijdam, M. J., McFARLANE, A. C., & Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M. (2023) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x21666230428091433 · Cited by 251
Complex PTSD and borderline personality disorder
Ford, J. D., & Courtois, C. A. (2021) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-021-00155-9 · Cited by 209
“incremental dose-response relationship to cPTSD [6, 12, 18, 20, 51, 52, 54, 75, 77, 87, 122, 155].”
Cloître, M., Hyland, P., Prins, A., & Shevlin, M. E. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1930961 · Cited by 165
“…2020, 2019), and clinical (Hyland, Shevlin, Fyvie, & Karatzias, 2018; Kazlauskas, Gegieckaite, Hyland, Zelviene, & Cloitre, 2018) samples as well as among refugees (Hyland et al., 2018) and military personnel (Letica-Crepulja et al., 2020; Mordeno, Nalipay, & Mordeno, 2019; Murphy et al., 2020).”
Self-citationHyland, P., Vallières, F., Cloitre, M., Ben-Ezra, M., Karatzias, T., Olff, M., Murphy, J., & Shevlin, M. (2021) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-020-01912-x · Cited by 103
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Fyvie, C., & Karatzias, T.
- Affiliations
- National College of Ireland (IE)
- University of Ulster (GB)
- NHS Lothian (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hyland, Philip
- Venue
- Journal of Traumatic Stress
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2018-03-25
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 174-180
- ISSN
- 0894-9867 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6598
- OpenAlex
- W2790549978
- Cited by
- 148
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 14.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Traumatic Stress (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Maynooth University ePrints and eTheses Archive (Maynooth University) (acceptedVersion)
- Ulster University Research Portal (Ulster University) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Edinburgh Napier Research Repository (Edinburgh Napier University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, complex PTSD, DSM-5, ICD-11, diagnostic classification, prevalence, dissociation, depression, borderline personality disorder, suicidal ideation, self-harm, anxiety, differential diagnosis
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Borderline Personality Disorder, Depression, Dissociative Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Prevalence, Self-Injurious Behavior, International Classification of Diseases, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Young Adult, Suicidal Ideation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
