State of the art direct 13 C and indirect 1 H‐[ 13 C] NMR spectroscopy in vivo . A practical guide
Open accessAbstract
Carbon‐13 NMR spectroscopy in combination with 13 C‐labeled substrate infusion is a powerful technique for measuring a large number of metabolic fluxes noninvasively in vivo . It has been used to quantify glycogen synthesis rates, establish quantitative relationships between energy metabolism and neurotransmission, and evaluate the importance of different substrates. Measurements can, in principle, be performed through direct 13 C NMR detection or via indirect 1 H‐[ 13 C] NMR detection of the protons attached to 13 C nuclei. The choice of detection scheme and pulse sequence depends on the magnetic field strength, whereas substrate selection depends on metabolic pathways. 13 C NMR spectroscopy remains a challenging technique that requires several nonstandard hardware modifications, infusion of 13 C‐labeled substrates, and sophisticated processing and metabolic modeling. In this study, the various aspects of direct 13 C and indirect 1 H‐[ 13 C] NMR are reviewed with the aim of providing a practical guide. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Glutamate enrichment primarily reflects oxidative energy production through the TCA cycle, while the rate of glutamine enrichment primarily reflects glutamate neurotransmitter cycling.
“Accordingly, the glutamate enrichment primarily reflects oxidative energy production through the TCA cycle, while the rate of glutamine enrichment primarily reflects glutamate neurotransmitter cycling [8,10].”
From The effects of ketamine on prefrontal glutamate neurotransmission in healthy and depressed subjects (2018) · cites this paper as [8]
13C MRS is a unique, noninvasive method to measure neurotransmitter cycling and cell-specific neuroenergetics.
“Carbon-13 magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 13 C MRS) is a unique, noninvasive method to measure neurotransmitter cycling and cell-specific neuroenergetics [8][9][10].”
From The effects of ketamine on prefrontal glutamate neurotransmission in healthy and depressed subjects (2018) · cites this paper as [8]
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- Authors
- de Graaf, R. A., Rothman, D. L., & Behar, K. L.
- Affiliations
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology Magnetic Resonance Research Center Yale University School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut USA
- Yale University (US)
- Venue
- NMR in Biomedicine
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-08-23
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 958-972
- ISSN
- 0952-3480 (ISSN-L)
- 1099-1492
- PMC
- PMC3694136
- OpenAlex
- W1910025641
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 0.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- NMR in Biomedicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1r01mh095104-01)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01-MH095104)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK027121)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (P30NS052519)
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R01EB000473)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Advanced NMR Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Studies
- Keywords
- 13C NMR, metabolic flux measurement, in vivo metabolic imaging, glycogen synthesis, energy metabolism, neurotransmission, magnetic field strength, pulse sequences, metabolic modeling
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Carbon Isotopes, Glucose, Humans, Models, Biological, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Glutamic Acid
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