Structure, function, and regulation of adrenergic receptors
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Adrenergic receptors for adrenaline and noradrenaline belong to the large multigenic family of receptors coupled to GTP‐binding proteins. Three pharmacologic types have been identified: α 1 ‐, α 2 ‐, and β‐adrenergic receptors. Each of these has three subtypes, characterized by both structural and functional differences. The α 2 and β receptors are coupled negatively and positively, respectively, to adenylyl cyclase via G i or G s regulatory proteins, and the α 1 receptors modulate phospholipase C via the G o protein. Subtype expression is regulated at the level of the gene, the mRNA, and the protein through various transcriptional and postsynthetic mechanisms. Adrenergic receptors constitute, after rhodopsin, one of the best studied models for the other receptors coupled to G proteins that are likely to display similar structural and functional properties.
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There are five dopamine receptors, three norepinephrine receptors each with three subtypes, and seven serotonin receptor families comprising 14 total receptors, all G-protein coupled except 5-HT3.
“with five dopamine receptors (D1-5), three norepinephrine receptors each with three subtypes (α1a,b,d, α2a,b,c and β1,2,3) and seven serotonin receptor families (5-HT1-7) comprised of 14 total receptors all of which are G-protein coupled, except for 5-HT3”
From Mechanisms of ketamine and its metabolites as antidepressants (2022) · cites this paper as Strosberg, 1993
The Abstract and “Nine subtypes” section identify three adrenergic receptor types, each with three subtypes, and describe adrenergic receptors as G-protein coupled. The paper does not establish the claimed counts for dopamine or serotonin receptors, or the 5-HT3 exception. Its α1 subtype list also uses α1C rather than the claim’s α1d; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Strosberg, A. D.
- Affiliations
- Institut Cochin (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Strosberg, A. D.
- Venue
- Protein Science
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1993-08
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1198-1209
- ISSN
- 0961-8368 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-896X
- PMC
- PMC2142449
- OpenAlex
- W2161939380
- Cited by
- 248
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 4.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Protein Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Kinase Regulation and GTPase Signaling
- Keywords
- adrenergic receptors, alpha1-adrenoceptors, alpha2-adrenoceptors, beta-adrenergic receptors, G protein-coupled receptors, G proteins, adenylate cyclase, phospholipase C, Gi protein, Gs protein, Go protein, receptor subtypes, gene expression regulation, receptor structure and function
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Cell Membrane, Humans, Models, Structural, Molecular Sequence Data, Protein Processing, Post-Translational, Receptors, Adrenergic, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Protein Structure, Secondary
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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