Kobuviruses—A Comprehensive Review
Abstract
Kobuviruses are members of the large and growing family Picornaviridae . Until now, two official, Aichi virus and Bovine kobuvirus, and one candidate kobuvirus species, ‘porcine kobuvirus’, have been identified in human, cattle and swine, respectively. In addition, kobu‐like viruses were detected very recently in the bat. Aichi virus could be one of the causative agents of gastroenteritis in humans, and kobuviruses probably also cause diarrhoea in cattle and swine. Although Aichi virus has been detected relatively infrequently (0–3%) in human diarrhoea, high seroprevalence, up to 80–95% at the age of 30–40, was found indicating the general nature of infection in different human populations. In the previous years, much new information has accumulated relating to kobuviruses and their host species. This review summarises the current knowledge on kobuviruses including taxonomy, biology and viral characteristics, and covers all aspects of infection including epidemiology, clinical picture, host species diversity, laboratory diagnosis and it gives a summary about possible future perspectives. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Kobuviruses have been isolated from dogs and other mammals with diarrhoeic symptoms.
“Whilst we cannot assume that these viruses cause disease, kobuviruses have been isolated from dogs and other mammals with diarrhoeic symptoms (Reuter, Boros, and Pankovics 2011; Di Martino et al. 2013).”
From Red fox viromes in urban and rural landscapes (2020) · cites this paper as Reuter, Boros, and Pankovics 2011
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“The 3D gene region encodes a viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and represents a region that is conserved among kobuviruses [2].”
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“Based on phylogenetic analysis of 35 GenBank reference strains, BKoV sequences from Cairo (n = 5) clustered with Chinese strains Table 2 Predicted polyproteins in the BKoV/Egy-1/KY407744 complete genome 1 The P1 region encodes for VP0, VP3 and VP1 proteins, the P2 encodes for 2A-2C proteins while the P3 region encodes…”
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“0 %) found in humans of different age groups [6, 13, 19, 22, 26] indicates widespread exposure and suggests that AiV infections are quite common [18].”
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“Since then, AiVs have been detected in gastroenteritis outbreaks in Asia, Europe, South America and Tunisia [11, 12, 14, 18, 21].”
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Quantification and Genotyping of Aichi Virus 1 in Water Samples in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
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Extra-intestinal detection of canine kobuvirus in a puppy from Southern Brazil
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“The 3D segment of the kobuvirus genome is a conserved region, and the VP1 protein is the most variable, similar to other picornaviruses [21, 26].”
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“Kobuviruses are transmitted primarily by the fecal-oral route, and other picornaviruses may use a similar mechanism [16].”
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Lukashev, A., Drexler, J., Belalov, I. S., Eschbach-Bludau, M., Baumgarte, S., & Drosten, C. (2012) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/vir.0.040311-0 · Cited by 23
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Kobuvirus shedding dynamics in a swine production system and their association with diarrhea.
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“, closely related viruses of species Enterovirus F and G of genus Enterovirus, as well as Aichivirus B of genus Kobuvirus, are also identified from bovine, ovine and caprine hosts [20,25,47].”
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“This study is the first to report that a Kobuvirus AiV, and its 3C protease use a similar strategy to downregulate PRR signaling.”
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Detection of novel kobu-like viruses in Japanese black cattle in Japan
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“Bovine kobuvirus 1 is thought to be associated with diarrhea in cattle; however, it can be detected in both healthy and diarrheic animals [5, 14].”
BackgroundInfection of farmed pigs with porcine kobuviruses in Italy
Bartolo, I. D., Angeloni, G., Tofani, S., Monini, M., & Ruggeri, F. (2015) · Archives of Virology · doi:10.1007/s00705-015-2397-z · Cited by 19
“Further studies on genetic characterization of porcine kobuviruses and efforts to develop in vitro cultivation systems [17] may help clarify the genomic diversity of these viruses and their role in animal disease.”
BackgroundYang, Z., Jin, W., Zhao, Z.-P., Lin, W.-D., Zhang, D., Yu, E.-Y., Qin, A., & Yang, H.-C. (2014) · Archives of Virology · doi:10.1007/s00705-014-2204-2 · Cited by 19
“4 kb long and consist of 50 and 30 untranslated regions (UTR) flanking a single open reading frame (ORF) that encodes a leader protein (L), three structural proteins (VP0, VP3, and VP1) and seven non-structural proteins (2A-2C and 3A3D) [20].”
Qiu, M., Li, S.-B., Xiao, Y., Li, J., Zhang, Y.-Z., Li, X., Feng, B., Li, C., Lin, H., Zhu, J.-Z., et al. (2022) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105703 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Inoue, K., Asami, T., Shibata, T., Furumai, H., & Katayama, H. (2020) · Science of the Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138502 · Cited by 18
Prevalence and genomic characteristics of canine kobuvirus in southwest China
Li, M., Yan, N., Wang, M., Zhang, B., Yue, H., & Tang, C. (2017) · Archives of Virology · doi:10.1007/s00705-017-3648-y · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Canine kobuvirus (CaKoV) is classified as a novel member of the Aichivirus A species, which taxonomically belongs to the Kobuvirus genus in the family Picornaviridae [1].”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Molecular Virology of Enteric Viruses
Buesa, J., & Rodríguez-Díaz, J. (2016) · Viruses in Foods · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30723-7_3 · Cited by 18
“Other proposed kobuvirus species are mouse kobuvirus (MKoV) and sheep kobuvirus (SKV) (Reuter et al. 2011 ).”
BackgroundDetection of Aichi virus with antibody targeting of conserved viral protein 1 epitope
Chen, Y., Chen, B.-C., Lin, Y.-S., Chang, J., Huang, T.-S., Chen, J.-J., & Chang, T.-H. (2013) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-012-4644-5 · Cited by 18
Medina, J. E., Castañeda, S., Páez-Triana, L., Camargo, M., García-Corredor, D. J., Gómez, M., Luna, N., Ramírez, A., Pulido-Medellín, M. O., Muñoz, M., et al. (2023) · Infection Genetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105543 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“The region of the 3D gene, which encodes a viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), is highly conserved and commonly used for phylogenetic analyses (Reuter et al., 2011).”
Itarte, M., Martínez-Puchol, S., Forés, E., Hundesa, A., Timoneda, N., Bofill-Mas, S., Girones, R., & Rusiñol, M. (2021) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods10081820 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Rivadulla, E., Varela, M. F., & Romalde, J. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Virology · doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2019.07.011 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Niu, T., Yi, S., Wang, X., Wang, L., Guo, B., Zhao, L.-Y., Zhang, S., Dong, H., Wang, K., & Hu, X.-N. (2018) · Infection, Genetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2018.12.010 · Cited by 17
“The VP1 protein of picornaviruses is not only an important capsid protein determining the antigenicity and pathogenicity for kobuvirus, but also is the most variable structural protein in the kobuvirus (Reuter et al.”
InfluentialMolecular characterization and genetic diversity of bovine Kobuvirus, Brazil
Cândido, M., Batinga, M. C. A., Alencar, A. L. F., de Almeida-Queiroz, S. R., Buzinaro, M. D. G., Livonesi, M., Fernandes, A. M., & de Sousa, R. L. M. (2016) · Virus genes · doi:10.1007/s11262-016-1391-1 · Cited by 17
Wang, C., Lan, X., & Yang, B. (2016) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2016/7590569 · Cited by 17
“The possible reason is that the 2C region is highly conserved among some porcine kobuviruses, as reported previously [14].”
ResultPrevalence and genetic diversity of bovine kobuvirus in China
Chang, J.-T., Wang, Q., Wang, F., Jiang, Z.-G., Liu, Y., & Yu, L. (2014) · Archives of Virology · doi:10.1007/s00705-013-1961-7 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Europe, South America and Africa [21, 24, 31, 34].”
Zou, J., Yu, J. H., Mu, Y.-Y., Xie, X., Wang, R., Wu, H.-Q., Liu, X., Xu, F.-Z., Wang, J.-H., & Wang, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2022.1005759 · Cited by 16
“FeKoV is a small, spherical, non-enveloped virus with a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genomes (17).”
BackgroundHuaman, J., Pacioni, C., Sarker, S., Doyle, M., Forsyth, D., Pople, A., Carvalho, T. G., & Helbig, K. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13122412 · Cited by 16
Kobuvirus (Aichivirus B) infection in Brazilian cattle herds
Ribeiro, J., Lorenzetti, E., Alfieri, A., & Alfieri, A. (2014) · Veterinary research communications · doi:10.1007/s11259-014-9600-7 · Cited by 16
“Enteric picornaviruses”
BackgroundInfluentialMolecular Characterization of the Full Kobuvirus Genome in a Cat
Cho, Y.-Y., Lim, S.-I., Kim, Y. K., Song, J.-Y., Lee, J.-B., & An, D. (2014) · Genome Announcements · doi:10.1128/genomea.00420-14 · Cited by 15
“4kbinlengthandhas been identified in several mammalian species with or without diarrhea (1).”
BackgroundDetection of canine kobuvirus RNA in diarrheic fecal samples of dogs with parvoviruses
Miyabe, F., Ribeiro, J., Alfieri, A. A., & Alfieri, A. (2019) · Brazilian Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s42770-019-00095-1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Chuchaona, W., Khamrin, P., Yodmeeklin, A., Kongkaew, A., Vachirachewin, R., Kumthip, K., Ushijima, H., & Maneekarn, N. (2017) · Tropical Animal Health and Production · doi:10.1007/s11250-017-1298-4 · Cited by 14
“D), 3′UTR, and poly (A) tail (Reuter et al. 2011).”
Libonati, M., Dennis, A. F., Ramani, S., McDonald, S. M., Akopov, A., Kirkness, E., Kang, G., & Patton, J. (2014) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01417-14 · Cited by 14
Esposito, A. M., Esposito, M. M., & Ptashnik, A. (2022) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms10091815 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Molecular Survey on Kobuviruses in Domestic and Wild Ungulates From Northwestern Italian Alps
Martino, B. D., Profio, F. D., Robetto, S., Fruci, P., Sarchese, V., Palombieri, A., Melegari, I., Orusa, R., Martella, V., & Marsilio, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.679337 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A novel porcine kobuvirus emerged in piglets with severe diarrhoea in China
Zhai, S.-L., Zhang, H., Lin, T., Chen, S.-N., Zhou, X., Chen, Q.-L., Lv, D.-H., Wen, X.-H., Zhou, X.-R., Jia, C.-L., et al. (2017) · Transboundary and Emerging Diseases · doi:10.1111/tbed.12663 · Cited by 13
Complete Genome Sequence of the First Aichi Virus Isolated in Taiwan
Chang, J., Chen, Y., Chen, B.-C., Chao, D., & Chang, T.-H. (2013) · Genome Announcements · doi:10.1128/genomea.00107-12 · Cited by 13
“Aichi virus (AiV), one of the members of the family Picornaviridae, is a small round-structured nonenveloped virus with a single-stranded and positive-sense RNA genome (1).”
BackgroundPrevalence and Genetic Diversity of Aichi Virus 1 from Urban Wastewater in Senegal
Kébé, O., Fernandez-Garcia, M., Fall, A., Dia, H., Bidalot, M., Ambert-Balay, K., & Ndiaye, K. (2021) · Intervirology · doi:10.1159/000512130 · Cited by 12
Genetic characterization of porcine kobuvirus variants identified from healthy piglets in China.
Jin, W., Yang, Z., Zhao, Z.-P., Wang, W.-Y., Yang, J., Qin, A., & Yang, H.-C. (2015) · Infection, Genetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2015.07.035 · Cited by 12
Genetic characteristics of the complete feline kobuvirus genome
Choi, J.-W., Lee, M.-H., Lee, K., & Oem, J. (2015) · Virus genes · doi:10.1007/s11262-014-1144-y · Cited by 12
Detection of Aichi virus in South Korea
Han, T.-H., Park, S., Hwang, E., Reuter, G., & Chung, J.-Y. (2014) · Archives of Virology · doi:10.1007/s00705-014-2006-6 · Cited by 12
Self-citationZhang, M.-Y., You, F.-F., Wu, F., He, H., Li, Q., & Chen, Q. (2021) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001646 · Cited by 11
Wang, Y., Cui, Y.-Q., Li, Y.-Q., Wang, X.-P., Yang, K.-K., Zhang, D., Zhao, L., Bai, C., Jiang, S., & Li, Y.-D. (2020) · Archives of Virology · doi:10.1007/s00705-020-04773-6 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Kobuviruses carried by Rattus norvegicus in Guangdong, China
You, F.-F., Zhang, M.-Y., He, H., He, W.-Q., Li, Y.-Z., & Chen, Q. (2020) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/s12866-020-01767-x · Cited by 11
“Boros A, Orlovacz K, Pankovics P, Szekeres S, Foldvari G, Fahsbender E, Delwart E, Reuter G. Diverse picornaviruses are prevalent among free-living and laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus) in Hungary and can cause disseminated infections.”
BackgroundInfluential
- Authors
- Reuter, G., Boros, Á., & Pankovics, P.
- Affiliations
- National Center for Public Health and Pharmacy (HU)
- Corresponding author
- Reuter, Gábor
- Venue
- Reviews in Medical Virology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-01
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 32-41
- ISSN
- 1052-9276 (ISSN-L)
- 1099-1654
- OpenAlex
- W2163875422
- Cited by
- 188
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 2.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Reviews in Medical Virology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral gastroenteritis research and epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Viral Infections and Immunology Research
- Keywords
- picornavirus, Aichi virus, porcine kobuvirus, virus taxonomy, viral biology, gastroenteritis, seroprevalence, clinical picture, laboratory diagnosis
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cattle, Humans, Picornaviridae Infections, Swine, Kobuvirus, Host Specificity
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