Strain Effects in Ru‐Au Bimetallic Aerogels Boost Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Open accessAbstract
Abstract To improve the sluggish kinetics of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), a key component in water‐splitting applications, there is an urgent desire to develop efficient, cost‐effective, and stable electrocatalysts. Strain engineering is proving an efficient strategy for increasing the catalytic activity of electrocatalysts. This work presents the development of Ru‐Au bimetallic aerogels by a simple one‐step in situ reduction‐gelation approach, which exhibits strain effects and electron transfer to create a remarkable HER activity and stability in an alkaline environment. The surface strain induced by the bimetallic segregated structure shifts the d ‐band center downward, enhancing catalysis by balancing the processes of water dissociation, OH* adsorption, and H* adsorption. Specifically, the optimized catalyst shows low overpotentials of only 24.1 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm −2 in alkaline electrolytes, surpassing commercial Pt/C. This study can contribute to the understanding of strain engineering in bimetallic electrocatalysts for HER at the atomic scale.
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- Findingcitation
Ru-Au bimetallic aerogels were synthesized by a one-step in situ reduction-gelation approach.
“This work presents the development of Ru-Au bimetallic aerogels by a simple one-step in situ reduction-gelation approach, which exhibits strain effects and electron transfer to create a remarkable HER activity and stability in an alkaline environment.”
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
“Here, we successfully synthesized bimetallic Ru-Au aerogels to realize the dual-functional sites, with the RuAu 3 aerogel showing exceptional electrocatalytic performance for HER.”
- Also stated in: § 2.1. Characterization of Ru-Au Aerogels · plain
“The one-step gelation method was employed to synthesize the Ru-Au bimetallic aerogels.[42]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
- Findingcitation
Ru doping causes the resolved lattice fringes for RuAu3 (111) to be slightly smaller than those of pure Au.
“The Ru doping causes the resolved lattice fringes for RuAu 3 (111) to be slightly smaller than those of pure Au. [48]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [48] 48. W. Zhu, H. Yuan, F. Liao, Y. Shen, H. Shi, Y. Shi, L. Xu, M. Ma, M. Shao, Chem. Eng. J. 2020, 389, 124240.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
The RuAu3 aerogel achieves a Tafel slope of 36.7 mV dec-1 in alkaline electrolyte.
“Specifically, it achieves a current density of 10 mA cm -2 at a low overpotential of 24.1 mV with a small Tafel slope of 36.7 mV dec -1 in alkaline electrolyte.”
- Also stated in: § 2.2. HER Catalytic Performance · plain
“Of all the samples, the RuAu 1 and RuAu 3 aerogels have the lowest Tafel slopes (32 and 36.7 mV dec -1 ), which indicates better reaction kinetics compared to the other samples.[14,27,59]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § 2.2. HER Catalytic Performance · plain
- Findingown data
TEM and EDS examinations revealed a phase-separated bimetallic skeletal aerogel.
“This was confirmed by subsequent TEM and EDS examinations, which revealed a phaseseparated bimetallic skeletal aerogel.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
The significant reduction potential difference between Ru3+ and Au3+ (ΔE = 1.043 eV) resulted in different reduction rates.
“Intriguingly, the significant reduction potential difference between Ru 3+ and Au 3+ (ΔE = 1.043 eV) resulted in different reduction rates.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
The optimized RuAu3 catalyst shows an overpotential of 24.1 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 in alkaline electrolytes.
“Specifically, the optimized catalyst shows low overpotentials of only 24.1 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm -2 in alkaline electrolytes, surpassing commercial Pt/C.”
- Also stated in: § 2.2. HER Catalytic Performance · plain
“Specifically, to reach a current density of 10 mA cm -2 , the RuAu 3 aerogel needs an overpotential (𝜂 10 ) of 24.1 mV, which is much lower than the 50.8, 38.8, 45.4, and 45.4 mV of Ru, RuAu 1 , RuAu 6 , RuAu 9 , and 32.5 mV of the commercial Pt/C (Figure 3a), respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § 2.2. HER Catalytic Performance · plain
- Findingcitation
The diffraction peaks of RuAu x (x = 1, 3, 6, 9) shifted to smaller diffraction angles with increasing gold content.
“Interestingly, the diffraction peaks of RuAu x (x = 1, 3, 6, 9) shifted to smaller diffraction angles with increasing gold content.[55]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [55] 55. R. Zhang, Y. Zhao, Z. Guo, X. Liu, L. Zhu, Y. Jiang, Small 2022, 19, 2205587.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingreasoning
The exceptional electrocatalytic performance of RuAu3 aerogels outperforms that of the benchmark Pt/C catalyst.
“The exceptional electrocatalytic performance of RuAu 3 aerogels outperforms that of the benchmark Pt/C catalyst, which can be attributed to the synergistic effect of bimetallic aerogels and the inherent properties of aerogels.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The average size of the RuAu x bimetallic aerogels increases with increasing Au content.
“It can be noted that the average size of the RuAu x bimetallic aerogels increases with increasing Au content.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The RuAu x aerogels have a branched nanowire structure on the nanoscale.
“The morphology of the RuAu x aerogels was first characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), showing a branched nanowire structure on the nanoscale (Figures S1 and S2, Supporting Information).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The RuAu1 and RuAu3 aerogels have the lowest Tafel slopes (32 and 36.7 mV dec-1) among the samples.
“Of all the samples, the RuAu 1 and RuAu 3 aerogels have the lowest Tafel slopes (32 and 36.7 mV dec -1 ), which indicates better reaction kinetics compared to the other samples.[14,27,59]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [14] 14. K. Wang, J. Cao, X. Yang, X. Sang, S. Yao, R. Xiang, B. Yang, Z. Li, T. O'Carroll, Q. Zhang, L. Lei, G. Wu, Y. Hou, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2212321.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [27] 27. G. Li, T. Sun, H. J. Niu, Y. Yan, T. Liu, S. Jiang, Q. Yang, W. Zhou, L. Guo, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2212514.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [59] 59. Y. Li, Y. Guo, S. Yang, Q. Li, S. Chen, B. Lu, H. Zou, X. Liu, X. Tong, H. Yang, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2021, 13, 5052.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
RuAu3 exhibits a lower energy barrier for H absorption/desorption than the Ru and Au controls.
“RuAu 3 exhibits a lower energy barrier for H absorption/desorption than the Ru and Au controls (Figure 4e), suggesting that RuAu 3 would experience an easier *H adsorption/desorption.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The four-layer RuAu3(111) slab model represents the catalytically active surface of the RuAu3 aerogel.
- Findingown data
The catalytic potential of RuAu3 aerogel showed only a slight loss of potential (ΔE = 9 mV at η10) after 12 h of continuous electrolysis.
“The catalytic potential showed only a slight loss of potential (ΔE = 9 mV at 𝜂 10 ) after 12 h of continuous electrolysis (Figure S15, Supporting Information).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The RuAu3 aerogel catalyst exhibited the lowest charge transfer resistance among all the tested samples.
“Clearly, the RuAu 3 aerogel catalyst exhibited the lowest charge transfer resistance among all the tested samples (Figure S13 and Table S3, Supporting Information).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Approximately 0.27 electrons are transferred from Ru according to Bader's analysis.
“The isosurface value for the RuAu 3 aerogel is shown as 0.006 e bohr -1 , 3 and it is evident that ≈0.27 electrons are transferred from Ru, according to Bader's analysis (Figure S19, Supporting Information).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The four-layer RuAu3(111) slab model represents the catalytically active surface of the RuAu3 aerogel.
- Findingown data
At an overpotential of 100 mV, the mass activity of RuAu3 aerogel (5.32 A mg metal-1) is approximately 21.3 times that of Pt/C (0.25 A mg metal-1).
“At an overpotential of 100 mV, the mass activity of RuAu 3 aerogel (5.32A mg metal -1 ) is ≈ 21.3 times that of Pt/C (0.25 A mg metal -1 ) (Figure 3f).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The pristine shape of the RuAu3 aerogel was well-preserved after the stability test.
“The pristine shape of the RuAu 3 aerogel was well-preserved after the stability test, evidenced by TEM (Figure S17, Supporting Information).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The LSV polarization curve of RuAu3 aerogel showed minimal variation after 5000 and 10000 cycles, confirming long-term stability in alkaline solution.
“The LSV polarization curve showed minimal variation after 5000 and 10 000 cycles, providing further confirmation of the long-term stability of RuAu 3 aerogel in an alkaline solution (Figure S16, Supporting Information).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
RuAu3 aerogel outperformed the majority of the previously reported Ru-based HER catalysts in alkaline solution.
“At the same time, RuAu 3 aerogel outperformed the majority of the previously reported Ru-based HER catalysts in alkaline solution (Figure 3g), as evidenced by a comparison of their catalytic activities (with details summarized in Tables S4, Supporting Information).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
By normalizing the current with the ECSA, the RuAu3 aerogel shows the highest intrinsic activity for HER in the alkaline electrolyte.
“By normalizing the current with the ECSA, the RuAu 3 aerogel shows the highest intrinsic activity for HER in the alkaline electrolyte (see Table S3, Supporting Information).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The RuAu3 aerogel exhibited the lowest overpotential at both 10 mA cm-2 and 50 mA cm-2.
“In addition, the RuAu 3 aerogel exhibited the lowest overpotential at both the low current density of 10 mA cm -2 and the high current density of 50 mA cm -2 (Figure 3c).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
On the strained RuAu3 surface, the charge difference diagram revealed a local charge redistribution induced by Ru-doping in the Au(111) surface.
“On the strained RuAu 3 surface, the charge difference diagram revealed a local charge redistribution induced by Ru-doping in the Au (111) surface (Figure 4c).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The four-layer RuAu3(111) slab model represents the catalytically active surface of the RuAu3 aerogel.
- Interpretationreasoning
The one-step sol-gel method allows facile modulation of the alloy phase and the separated phase by tuning the precursor ratios in the metal salt solution.
“This method allows for facile modulation of the alloy phase and the separated phase by tuning the precursor ratios in the metal salt solution.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The exceptional electrocatalytic performance of RuAu3 aerogels can be attributed to the synergistic effect of bimetallic aerogels and the inherent properties of aerogels.
“The exceptional electrocatalytic performance of RuAu 3 aerogels outperforms that of the benchmark Pt/C catalyst, which can be attributed to the synergistic effect of bimetallic aerogels and the inherent properties of aerogels.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The surface strain induced by the bimetallic segregated structure shifts the d-band center downward.
“The surface strain induced by the bimetallic segregated structure shifts the d-band center downward, enhancing catalysis by balancing the processes of water dissociation, OH* adsorption, and H* adsorption.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The doping of Ru facilitates the reaction process.
“The HER step diagram shows that the doping of Ru facilitates the reaction process.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The four-layer RuAu3(111) slab model represents the catalytically active surface of the RuAu3 aerogel.
- Interpretationreasoning
Due to the lattice mismatch between the Ru and Au counterparts, the Ru sites were susceptible to a tensile strain.
“Due to the lattice mismatch between the Ru and Au counterparts, the Ru sites were susceptible to a tensile strain.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The significant charge redistribution at the Ru-Au interface indicates the robust interaction between the two elements.
“The significant charge redistribution at the Ru-Au interface indicates the robust interaction between the two elements (Figure 4c).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The four-layer RuAu3(111) slab model represents the catalytically active surface of the RuAu3 aerogel.
- May combine two claims. 21
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataRu experiences a tensile stress whereas Au experiences a compressive stress in RuAu3 aerogels.
“As a result, Ru experiences a tensile stress whereas Au experiences a compressive stress in RuAu 3 aerogels.”
- Also stated in: § 2.3. DFT Calculations · boosted
“It is also confirmed that Ru experiences tensile strain, whereas Au undergoes compressive strain in the RuAu 3 aerogel.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § 2.3. DFT Calculations · boosted
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataDFT calculations revealed that the strain effect shifts the d-band upward and changes the local charge distribution of the Ru-Au aerogel.
“Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the strain effect shifts the d-band upward and changes the local charge distribution of the Ru-Au aerogel.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The four-layer RuAu3(111) slab model represents the catalytically active surface of the RuAu3 aerogel.
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe RuAu3 aerogel's overpotential of 24.1 mV at 10 mA cm-2 is lower than that of commercial Pt/C and of Ru, RuAu1, RuAu6, and RuAu9 aerogels.
“Specifically, the optimized catalyst shows low overpotentials of only 24.1 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm -2 in alkaline electrolytes, surpassing commercial Pt/C.”
- Also stated in: § 2.2. HER Catalytic Performance · plain
“Specifically, to reach a current density of 10 mA cm -2 , the RuAu 3 aerogel needs an overpotential (𝜂 10 ) of 24.1 mV, which is much lower than the 50.8, 38.8, 45.4, and 45.4 mV of Ru, RuAu 1 , RuAu 6 , RuAu 9 , and 32.5 mV of the commercial Pt/C (Figure 3a), respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § 2.2. HER Catalytic Performance · plain
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe lattice fringes of 0.237 nm, 0.234 nm, and 0.226 nm correspond to the (111), (111), and (100) lattice planes of Au, RuAu3, and Ru, respectively.
“In the HRTEM images, distinct lattice fringes of 0.237 nm (Figure 1c,d), 0.234 nm (Figure 1e,f), and 0.226 nm (Figure 1h,i) were identified.These lattice fringes correspond to the (111), (111), and (100) lattice planes of Au, RuAu 3 , and Ru, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataWhen the gold content is three times that of ruthenium, a noticeable shift of the Au 4f peaks towards lower binding energies by 1.15 eV occurs, indicating an electron-deficient state of Ru sites due to electron transfer from Ru atoms to Au atoms.
“Obviously, when the gold content is three times that of ruthenium, a noticeable shift of the Au 4f peaks towards lower binding energies by 1.15 eV occurs, indicating an electron-deficient state of Ru sites due to the electron transfer from Ru atoms to Au atoms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe RuAu3 aerogel needs an overpotential of 24.1 mV to reach 10 mA cm-2, which is lower than Ru (50.8 mV), RuAu1 (38.8 mV), RuAu6 (45.4 mV), RuAu9 (45.4 mV), and commercial Pt/C (32.5 mV).
“Specifically, to reach a current density of 10 mA cm -2 , the RuAu 3 aerogel needs an overpotential (𝜂 10 ) of 24.1 mV, which is much lower than the 50.8, 38.8, 45.4, and 45.4 mV of Ru, RuAu 1 , RuAu 6 , RuAu 9 , and 32.5 mV of the commercial Pt/C (Figure 3a), respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe microscopic strain for Ru was determined as e = 0.90546 and for Au as e = 0.68132.
“The microscopic strain for Ru was determined as e = 0.90546 and for Au as e = 0.68132 (Figure 2g).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe EDS element ratio of Ru to Au is much higher than the initial feed ratio, meaning that ruthenium is slowly reduced and therefore tends to gel on the surface.
“From the EDS data, the element ratio of Ru to Au is much higher than the initial feed ratio, which means that ruthenium is slowly reduced and therefore tends to gel on the surface.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe Ru-Au bimetallic aerogels exhibit strain effects and electron transfer.
“This work presents the development of Ru-Au bimetallic aerogels by a simple one-step in situ reduction-gelation approach, which exhibits strain effects and electron transfer to create a remarkable HER activity and stability in an alkaline environment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe BET surface area of the RuAu3 aerogel is 72 m2 g-1 with a pore volume of 0.23 cm3 g-1 and an average pore diameter of 9 nm.
“The BET surface area of the RuAu 3 aerogel is 72 m 2 g -1 with a pore volume of 0.23 cm 3 g -1 , and it shows a wide range of pore sizes representing mesopores and macropores with an average pore diameter of 9 nm.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe d-band centers of Au(111), Ru(001), and RuAu3(111) are calculated to be at -3.21, -1.68, and -3.09 eV, respectively.
“The locations of the d-band centers are calculated to be at -3.21, -1.68, and -3.09 eV, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The four-layer RuAu3(111) slab model represents the catalytically active surface of the RuAu3 aerogel.
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataRuAu3 exhibited the highest capacitance of 61.4 mF cm-2 in alkaline solution, exceeding commercial Pt/C (13.0 mF cm-2), RuAu1 (47.7 mF cm-2), and Ru (18.9 mF cm-2).
“According to Figure 3d, RuAu 3 exhibited the highest capacitance of 61.4 mF cm -2 in alkaline solution, exceeding even that of commercial Pt/C (13.0 mF cm -2 ), RuAu 1 (47.7 mF cm -2 ), and Ru (18.9 mF cm -2 ).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe mass activities of Ru, RuAu1, RuAu6, and RuAu9 aerogels are approximately 0.56, 3.44, 2.35, and 0.03 A g metal-1 at 100 mV, respectively.
“In addition, the mass activities of Ru, RuAu 1 , RuAu 6 , and RuAu 9 aerogels are ≈ 0.56, 3.44, 2.35, and 0.03 A g metal -1 at 100 mV, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataRuAu3(111) exhibits lattice constants of a = b = 5.57 Å, resulting in a strain of -0.45% relative to Au(111) with a = b = 5.59 Å.
“While Au (111) has lattice constants of a = b = 5.59 Å, RuAu 3 (111) exhibits lattice constants of a = b = 5.57Å, resulting in a strain of -0.45%.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The four-layer RuAu3(111) slab model represents the catalytically active surface of the RuAu3 aerogel.
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe Gibbs free energy of water dissociation for RuAu increases by only -0.21 eV, which is lower than that of the Au (1.79 eV) model.
“The Gibbs free energy of water dissociation for the RuAu increases by only -0.21 eV, which is lower than that of the Au (1.79 eV) model (Figure S20, Supporting Information).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The four-layer RuAu3(111) slab model represents the catalytically active surface of the RuAu3 aerogel.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataElectrochemical characterizations revealed that tensile strain in the RuAu x aerogels resulted in an improved interaction with both H reactive intermediates and OH spectator species, hence enhancing the total HER activity.
“Electrochemical characterizations revealed that tensile strain in the RuAu x aerogels resulted in an improved interaction with both H reactive intermediates and OH spectator species, hence enhancing the total HER activity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningAu3+ should be reduced faster than Ru3+, making it challenging to form an alloy structure.
“Theoretically, Au 3+ should be reduced faster than Ru 3+ , making it challenging to form an alloy structure.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe improvement in the electrocatalytic activity of the RuAu3 aerogel can be attributed to the addition of Au (higher conductivity), synergy effects, and strain effects.
“The improvement in the electrocatalytic activity of the RuAu 3 aerogel can be attributed to the addition of Au (higher conductivity), synergy effects, and strain effects.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataDoping Ru in Au results in compressive strain making Ru more susceptible to electron loss and shifting the d-band center closer to the Fermi energy level.
“According to this first-principle analysis, doping Ru in Au results in compressive strain making Ru more susceptible to electron loss and shifting the d-band center closer to the Fermi energy level.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The four-layer RuAu3(111) slab model represents the catalytically active surface of the RuAu3 aerogel.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe d-band center of RuAu3 is positioned below that of Au, indicating that the intermediates on the RuAu3 site have higher adsorption energy.
“The d-band center of RuAu 3 is positioned below that of Au, indicating that the intermediates on the RuAu 3 site have higher adsorption energy (Figure 4a).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The four-layer RuAu3(111) slab model represents the catalytically active surface of the RuAu3 aerogel.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataDFT calculations confirmed that the lattice strain between Ru and Au metal elements accelerated water dissociation and weakened *H adsorption.
“DFT calculations also confirmed that the lattice strain between Ru and Au metal elements accelerated water dissociation and weakened *H adsorption.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The four-layer RuAu3(111) slab model represents the catalytically active surface of the RuAu3 aerogel.
The paper relies on this without support.
Gold is an inert metal with poor hydrogen adsorption capabilities.
“Gold, in particular, is recognized as an inert metal with poor hydrogen adsorption capabilities, which can counterbalance the strong hydrogen adsorption properties of the Ru matrix.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The four-layer RuAu3(111) slab model represents the catalytically active surface of the RuAu3 aerogel.
“Slab models for the Au (111) and Ru (001) faces, each requiring four layers of atoms, were constructed.RuAu 3 (111) was created by doping a Ru atom into the first layer of Au (111).”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Ru has a much lower price than Pt and strong corrosion resistance in alkaline environments.
“and 2) much lower price than Pt, coupled with strong corrosion resistance in alkaline environments.[ 11 , 12 , 13 ]”
From Tuning the Adsorption of H and OH on Ruthenium Aerogel to Boost the Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution (2025) · cites this paper as [13]
The Introduction says Ru costs about 1/25 as much as Pt, supporting the price comparison. Section 2.2 reports long-term stability in alkaline solution for a Ru–Au aerogel, but does not establish strong corrosion resistance for Ru itself. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPrior studies of Ru aerogels predominantly yielded the hcp phase as the more stable form.
“Prior studies of Ru aerogels predominantly yielded the hcp phase as the more stable form.[ 11 , 12 , 13 ]”
From Tuning the Adsorption of H and OH on Ruthenium Aerogel to Boost the Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution (2025) · cites this paper as [13]
Section 2.1 (page unavailable) says the diffraction peaks of this paper’s monolithic Ru aerogel align with metallic Ru. It does not identify an hcp phase, compare phase stability, or say that prior Ru-aerogel studies predominantly yielded hcp Ru. Searches for hcp and hexagonal close-packed Ru did not locate such a passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.73)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Element maps are described as both uneven and even
MajorOne description says Ru and Au are unevenly distributed in the element maps; another says the EDS maps show them evenly distributed.
“the corresponding element maps (Figure 2e) show the unevenly distributed Ru and Au”
“EDS elemental maps revealed that Ru and Au atoms exhibited signals of comparable intensity and were evenly distributed”
The aerogel formula is reversed in the diffraction description
MinorThe text identifies the aerogel examined in Figure 1k as AuRu 3, whereas the figure caption identifies the same diffraction pattern as RuAu 3. Those formulas specify different metal ratios.
“the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern (Figure 1k) corroborated the polycrystalline structure of the AuRu 3 aerogel.”
“k) SAED pattern of RuAu 3 aerogel.”
The stated d-band ordering reverses the reported values
MinorThe listed center for RuAu 3 is −3.09 eV, which is above Au's −3.21 eV, not below it.
“The d-band center of RuAu 3 is positioned below that of Au”
“The locations of the d-band centers are calculated to be at -3.21, -1.68, and -3.09 eV, respectively.”
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- Authors
- Wei, W., Guo, F., Wang, C., Wang, L., Sheng, Z., Wu, X., Cai, B., & Eychmüller, A.
- Affiliations
- Jiangsu University (CN)
- Technische Universität Dresden (DE)
- Shandong University (CN)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Nanjing Tech University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Cai, Bin
- Eychmüller, Alexander
- Venue
- Small
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2024-01-26
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 25
- Pages
- e2310603-e2310603
- ISSN
- 1613-6810 (ISSN-L)
- 1613-6829
- OpenAlex
- W4391282243
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 8
- FWCI
- 2.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Small (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- China Scholarship Council
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (21607063, 52201262)
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG EY 16/30‐1, CRC 1415, RTG 2767)
- Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2023YQ039, ZR2022QE001)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › CO2 Reduction Techniques and Catalysts
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Catalytic Processes in Materials Science
- Keywords
- hydrogen evolution reaction, strain engineering, surface strain, d-band center, alkaline water electrolysis, electrocatalyst stability, platinum-free electrocatalysts, water splitting
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