In vitro simulation of the early proinflammatory phase in fracture healing reveals strong immunomodulatory effects of CD146‐positive mesenchymal stromal cells

Abstract

The impact of microenvironmental cues and changes due to injury on the phenotype and fate of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) is poorly understood. Here, we aimed to simulate the microenvironment associated with the early stage of bone healing in vitro and to study the regenerative response of MSCs. We enriched CD146+ MSCs from the human bone marrow. Different physiological and pathological microenvironments were simulated by using conditioned medium (CM) from human endothelial cells and osteoblasts (healthy bone), femoral head-derived bone fragments (injured bone), and activated platelets (platelet-rich plasma [PRP], injury). Cells were incubated in CM and analyzed with respect to proliferation, gene expression, migration, osteogenic differentiation, and their effect on polyclonally induced proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. CD146+ MSCs showed a specific response to different microenvironments. Cell proliferation was observed in all media with the highest values in PRP-CM and injured bone-CM. Gene expression analysis revealed the upregulation of chemokines, proinflammatory, proangiogenic, and genes involved in immunomodulation in cells stimulated with PRP- and injured bone-CM, suggesting strong paracrine activity. PRP-CM led to pronounced inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation by CD146+MSCs. Our results indicate that a microenvironment simulating bone injury elicits strong immunomodulatory and proangiogenic activity of CD146+ MSCs. This suggests that in the early stage of bone healing, the prime function of MSCs and their CD146+ subpopulation is in regulating the immune response and inducing neovascularization. Future studies will investigate the key components in CM driving this function, which might be potential targets to therapeutically stimulate the regenerative potential of MSCs.