Learning Second Language Syntax Under Massed and Distributed Conditions

Distributed practice in verbal recall tasks: A review and quantitative synthesis.

Cepeda, N. J., Pashler, H., Vul, E., Wixted, J. T., & Rohrer, D. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.3.354 · Cited by 1,888 · see citing works

The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition

(2005) · Blackwell Publishing Ltd eBooks · doi:10.1111/b.9781405132817.2005.x · Cited by 1,382 · see citing works

Current Issues in the Teaching of Grammar: An SLA Perspective

Ellis, R. (2006) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.2307/40264512 · Cited by 1,073 · see citing works

A meta-analytic review of the distribution of practice effect: Now you see it, now you don’t

Donovan, J. J., & Radosevich, D. J. (1999) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.84.5.795 · Cited by 696 · see citing works

Incidental and Intentional Learning

Hulstijn, J. H. (2003) · The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1002/9780470756492.ch12 · Cited by 532 · see citing works

Learning Simple and Complex Second Language Rules Under Implicit, Incidental, Rule-Search, and Instructed Conditions

Robinson, P. (1996) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263100014674 · Cited by 449 · see citing works

The spacing effect: A case study in the failure to apply the results of psychological research.

Dempster, F. N. (1988) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.43.8.627 · Cited by 439 · see citing works

Optimizing distributed practice

Cepeda, N. J., Coburn, N., Rohrer, D., Wixted, J. T., Mozer, M. C., & Pashler, H. (2009) · Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1027/1618-3169.56.4.236 · Cited by 296 · see citing works

Increasing Retention Without Increasing Study Time

Rohrer, D., & Pashler, H. (2007) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00500.x · Cited by 153 · see citing works

Effects of distributed practice on the acquisition of second language English syntax

BIRD, S. (2010) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716410000172 · Cited by 117 · see citing works

An Intensive Look at Intensity and Language Learning

Collins, L. J., & White, J. L. (2011) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.5054/tq.2011.240858 · Cited by 100 · see citing works

Same hours, different time distribution: Any difference in EFL?

Serrano, R., & Muñoz, C. (2007) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2007.02.001 · Cited by 76 · see citing works

The Time Factor in EFL Classroom Practice

Serrano, R. (2010) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2010.00591.x · Cited by 72 · see citing works

1. Is Intensive Learning Effective? Reflecting on the Results from Cognitive Psychology and the Second Language Acquisition Literature

Serrano, R. (2012) · Multilingual Matters eBooks · doi:10.21832/9781847698063-004 · Cited by 30 · see citing works

Effects of distributed practice on the acquisition of second language English syntax—ERRATUM

Bird, S. (2011) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716410000470 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Implications of the declarative/procedural model for improving second language learning: The role of memory enhancement techniques

Ullman, M. T., & Lovelett, J. T. (2016) · Second language Research · doi:10.1177/0267658316675195 · Cited by 157 · see citing works

The Effects of Spaced Practice on Second Language Learning: A Meta‐Analysis

Kim, S. K., & Webb, S. (2022) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12479 · Cited by 119 · see citing works

Optimizing Fluency Training for Speaking Skills Transfer: Comparing the Effects of Blocked and Interleaved Task Repetition

Suzuki, Y. (2021) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12433 · Cited by 76 · see citing works

Learning Vocabulary Through Assisted Repeated Reading: How Much Time Should There Be Between Repetitions of the Same Text?

Serrano, R., & Huang, H. (2018) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.1002/tesq.445 · Cited by 63 · see citing works

Optimizing Second Language Practice in the Classroom: Perspectives from Cognitive Psychology

Suzuki, Y., Nakata, T., & DEKEYSER, R. M. (2019) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/modl.12582 · Cited by 66 · see citing works

The Optimal Distribution of Practice for the Acquisition of L2 Morphology: A Conceptual Replication and Extension

Suzuki, Y. (2017) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12236 · Cited by 63 · see citing works

Testing the deficient processing account of the spacing effect in second language vocabulary learning: Evidence from eye tracking

Koval, N. G. (2019) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716419000158 · Cited by 49 · see citing works

Investigating distribution of practice effects for the learning of foreign language verb morphology in the young learner classroom

KASPROWICZ, R. E., MARSDEN, E., & SEPHTON, N. (2019) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/modl.12586 · Cited by 47 · see citing works

The Spacing Effect and its Relevance to Second Language Acquisition

Rogers, J. (2016) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/amw052 · Cited by 47 · see citing works

The Effectiveness of Video‐Based Shadowing and Tracking Pronunciation Exercises for Foreign Language Learners

Martinsen, R. A., Montgomery, C., & Willardson, V. (2017) · Foreign Language Annals · doi:10.1111/flan.12306 · Cited by 46 · see citing works

MASSED TASK REPETITION IS A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD FOR FLUENCY DEVELOPMENT

Suzuki, Y., & Hanzawa, K. (2022) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263121000358 · Cited by 44 · see citing works

The effect of spacing on incidental and deliberate learning of L2 collocations

Macis, M., Sonbul, S., & Alharbi, R. (2021) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2021.102649 · Cited by 44 · see citing works

Input spacing and the learning of L2 vocabulary in a classroom context

Rogers, J., & Cheung, A. (2018) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/1362168818805251 · Cited by 43 · see citing works

Distribution of practice effects in the acquisition and retention of L2 Mandarin tonal word production

LI, M., & DEKEYSER, R. (2019) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/modl.12580 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

Spacing Effects in Task Repetition Research

Rogers, J. (2022) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12526 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

DOES IT MATTER WHEN YOU REVIEW?

Rogers, J., & Cheung, A. (2020) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263120000236 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

DYNAMIC INTERPLAY BETWEEN PRACTICE TYPE AND PRACTICE SCHEDULE IN A SECOND LANGUAGE

Suzuki, Y., & Sunada, M. (2019) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263119000470 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Time distribution and intentional vocabulary learning through repeated reading: a partial replication and extension

Serrano, R., & Huang, H.-Y. (2021) · Language Awareness · doi:10.1080/09658416.2021.1894162 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

THE ROLE OF PROCEDURAL LEARNING ABILITY IN AUTOMATIZATION OF L2 MORPHOLOGY UNDER DIFFERENT LEARNING SCHEDULES

Suzuki, Y. (2017) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263117000249 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Lag effects in grammar learning: A desirable difficulties perspective

Serfaty, J., & Serrano, R. (2022) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716421000631 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Modelling Changes in the Cognitive Processing of Grammar in Implicit and Explicit Learning Conditions: Insights From an Eye‐Tracking Study

Indrarathne, B., Ratajczak, M., & Kormos, J. (2018) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12290 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Investigating the effect of textual enhancement in post-reading tasks on grammatical development by child language learners

Chung, Y., & Révész, A. (2021) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/13621688211005068 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Bridging Second Language Acquisition Research and English Language Teaching: An Interview with Robert DeKeyser

Thoai, T. N. L. (2020) · RELC Journal · doi:10.1177/0033688220936742 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Testing the reminding account of the lag effect in L2 vocabulary learning

Koval, N. G. (2021) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716421000370 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

The effects of distributed practice on second language fluency development

Kakitani, J., & Kormos, J. (2024) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263124000251 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Individualization of practice distribution in second language grammar learning

Suzuki, Y. (2019) · Journal of Second Language Studies · doi:10.1075/jsls.18023.suz · Cited by 13 · see citing works

The Effects of Multiple‐Exposure Textual Enhancement on Child L2 Learners’ Development in Derivational Morphology: A Multi‐Site Study

Révész, A., Bunting, L., Florea, A., Gilabert, R., af Segerstad, Y. H., Mihu, I. P., Parry, C., Benton, L., & Vasalou, A. (2021) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.1002/tesq.3036 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Evaluating the impact of spaced practice using computer-assisted language learning (CALL) on vocabulary learning in the classroom

Muqaibal, M. H., Kasprowicz, R., & Tissot, C. (2023) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/13621688221146146 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Mobile Training Context for In-Service Teachers

Bakey, F. M. A. E., Shadi, G. I. A., & El-Refai, W. Y. (2023) · International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) · doi:10.3991/ijet.v18i19.37685 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Input spacing in second language classroom settings: Replications of Bird (2010) and Serrano (2011)

Rogers, J. (2020) · Language Teaching · doi:10.1017/s0261444820000439 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Optimizing distributed practice online

Rogers, J., Nakata, T., & Chiu, M. M. (2025) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263124000706 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Effects of massed and spaced task repetitions on L2 writing task performance and task emotions

Tabari, M. A., Lee, H., & Hanzawa, K. (2025) · Reading & Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-024-10628-2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

A Review on the Effects of Instructional Time and Teacher Quality on Language Learning Performance

Liu, X., & Yin, J. (2021) · OALib · doi:10.4236/oalib.1107834 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Text-to-video AI for linguistically responsive teaching: educators' use and reflections

Nyaaba, M., Min, S., & Choi, G. (2025) · International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.1108/aiie-05-2025-0121 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Distribution of grammar learning through writing tasks: A potential role of proficiency

He, J., & Suzuki, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1111/ijal.12498 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

“A thought group is a group, not a thought!” results of a teaching intervention on complex noun phrases in Canadian EAP programs

Priven, D., Gentil, G., Pinchbeck, G. G., & Strong, B. (2024) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2024.103450 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Taking time: Auditory statistical learning benefits from distributed exposure

de Waard, J., Theeuwes, J., & Bogaerts, L. (2025) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-024-02634-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works

The Addition of a Target Structure to Task Repetition as an Accuracy Enhancement: The Necessity of Reducing Cognitive Load

Buhot, N., & Xing, Q. (2025) · Languages · doi:10.3390/languages10060128 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Artificial grammar learning is facilitated by distributed practice: Evidence from a letter reordering task

Schiff, R., Sasson, A., Green, H., & Kahta, S. (2021) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-021-01048-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Individualization of practice distribution in second language grammar learning

Suzuki, Y. (2021) · Benjamins current topics · doi:10.1075/bct.116.02suz · Cited by 1 · see citing works

The effects of distributed versus massed corrective feedback on the acquisition of Spanish differential object marking

Yılmaz, Y., Arroyo, D., Carver, C., Choi, J., & DiBartolomeo, M. (2023) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/modl.12862

Repeated Exposure to Textual Enhancement: Investigating its Impact on the English Passive Voice Acquisition Across Diverse L1 BackgroundsPreprint

Akçin, D. C. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5162930

Effect of Teaching Complex Noun Phrases for Reading Comprehension Purposes in EAP Programs

Priven, D. (2024) · doi:10.22215/etd/2024-16477

The Effects of Spaced and Massed Practice Schedule on L2 Contextualized Grammar Learning of a Simple and a Complex Structure

Buhot, N., & Xing, Q. (2025) · International Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1111/ijal.12780

Effects of the 4/3/2 activity revisited: Aptitude matters, but distributed practice does not

Guo, J., & Saito, K. (2025) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2025.103936

Effects of spacing on the acquisition of explicit and implicit vocabulary knowledge: An approximate replication of Nakata and Elgort (2021)

Zheng, G., Nakata, T., Clenton, J., & Boutorwick, T. (2026) · Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.14746/ssllt.49487

Lag Effects in L2 Phonetic Training: Longer Intersession Intervals Compensate for Auditory Individual Differences

Li, X., & Saito, K. (2026) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/modl.70081

Effects of Learning Context and Program Length on L2 Skill Development

Lu, Y., & Ke, C. (2026) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/modl.70085

Exploring Distribution‐of‐Practice Effects on L2 Grammar Learning Among Older Adults

Serrano, R., & Gawlikowicz, A. (2026) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.1002/tesq.70205

The Hare and the Tortoise in Ecological L2 Learning: Distributed Practice Effects in Vocabulary and Grammar

Whyte, S., Palasis, K., Edmonds, A., & Gerbier, É. (2026) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.1002/tesq.70172

Task complexity and repetition effects on sense-aware lexical sophistication: An extension of Abdi Tabari et al.’s (2025) study on L1 and L2 learners

Tabari, M. A., Golparvar, S. E., Lu, X., & Hu, R. (2026) · Journal of Second Language Studies · doi:10.1075/jsls.25020.abd

Second Language Teaching and Learning

Shi, L., & Nunan, D. (2000) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3587962 · Cited by 1,761 · see citing works

Toward a Practical Theory of Second Language Instruction

Blatchford, C. H., & Smith, P. D. (1976) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3585713

Second Language Acquisition Studies

Chaudron, C., Bailey, K. M., Long, M. H., & Peck, S. (1984) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3586339 · Cited by 156 · see citing works

The role of output in acquisition of second language syntax

Glew, E. (1994) · Michigan State University Libraries · doi:10.25335/m5w669f3g

Semantic Prosody Revisited: Implications for Language Learning

Omidian, T., & Siyanova‐Chanturia, A. (2019) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.1002/tesq.557 · Cited by 16 · see citing works