Differences and similarities between familial and sporadic frontotemporal dementia: an Italian single-center cohort study
Open accessAbstract
Introduction: The possibility to generalize our understandings on treatments and assessments to both familial frontotemporal dementia (f‐FTD) and sporadic FTD (s‐FTD) is a fundamental perspective for the near future, considering the constant advancement in potential disease‐modifying therapies that target particular genetic forms of FTD. We aimed to investigate differences in clinical features, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and blood‐based biomarkers between f‐FTD and s‐FTD. Methods: In this longitudinal cohort study, we evaluated a consecutive sample of symptomatic FTD patients, classified as f‐FTD and s‐FTD according to Goldman scores (GS). All patients underwent clinical, behavioral, and neuropsychiatric symptom assessment, CSF biomarkers and serum neurofilament light (NfL) analysis, and brain atrophy evaluation with magnetic resonance imaging. Results: Of 570 patients with FTD, 123 were classified as f‐FTD, and 447 as s‐FTD. In the f‐FTD group, 95 had a pathogenic FTD mutation while 28 were classified as GS = 1 or 2; of the s‐FTD group, 133 were classified as GS = 3 and 314 with GS = 4. f‐FTD and s‐FTD cases showed comparable demographic features, except for younger age at disease onset, age at diagnosis, and higher years of education in the f‐FTD group (all P < .05). f‐FTD showed worse behavioral disturbances as measured with Frontal Behavioral Inventory (FBI) negative behaviors (14.0 ± 7.6 vs. 11.6 ± 7.4, P = .002), and positive behaviors (20.0 ± 11.0 vs. 17.4 ± 11.8, P = .031). Serum NfL concentrations were higher in patients with f‐FTD (70.9 ± 37.9 pg/mL) compared to s‐FTD patients (37.3 ± 24.2 pg/mL, P < .001), and f‐FTD showed greater brain atrophy in the frontal and temporal regions and basal ganglia. Patients with f‐FTD had significantly shorter survival than those with s‐FTD ( P = .004). Discussion: f‐FTD and s‐FTD are very similar clinical entities, but with different biological mechanisms, and different rates of progression. The parallel characterization of both f‐FTD and s‐FTD will improve our understanding of the disease, and aid in designing future clinical trials for both genetic and sporadic forms of FTD. Highlights: Do clinical features and biomarkers differ between patients with familial frontotemporal dementia (f‐FTD) and sporadic FTD (s‐FTD)? In this cohort study of 570 patients with FTD, f‐FTD and s‐FTD share similar demographic features, but with younger age at disease onset and diagnosis in the f‐FTD group. f‐FTD showed higher serum neurofilament light concentrations, greater brain damage, and shorter survival, compared to s‐FTD. f‐FTD and s‐FTD are very similar clinical entities, but with different cognitive reserve mechanisms and different rates of progression.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A large cross-sectional study concluded that serum NfL concentration is higher in genetic bvFTD than in sporadic bvFTD.
“a large cross-sectional study concluded that serum NfL concentration is higher in genetic bvFTD (Benussi et al., 2022)”
From The pursuit for markers of disease progression in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: a scoping review to optimize outcome measures for clinical trials (2024) · cites this paper as Benussi et al., 2022
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia
Rascovsky, K., Hodges, J. R., Knopman, D., Mendez, M. F., Kramer, J. H., Neuhaus, J., van Swieten, J. C., Seelaar, H., Dopper, E. G. P., Onyike, C. U., et al. (2011) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awr179 · Cited by 5,221 · see citing works
Classification of primary progressive aphasia and its variants
Gorno-Tempini, M. L., Hillis, A. E., Weintraub, S., Kertesz, A., Mendez, M., Cappa, S. F., Ogar, J. M., Rohrer, J. D., Black, S., Boeve, B. F., et al. (2011) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e31821103e6 · Cited by 5,141 · see citing works
A method for making group inferences from functional MRI data using independent component analysis
Calhoun, V. D., Adali, T., Pearlson, G. D., & Pekar, J. J. (2001) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.1048 · Cited by 2,994 · see citing works
Self-citationAppelhof, B., Bakker, C., den IJssel, J. C. L. V. D., Zwijsen, S. A., Smalbrugge, M., Verhey, F. R. J., de Vugt, M. E., Zuidema, S. U., & Koopmans, R. T. C. M. (2017) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000477087 · Cited by 2,773 · see citing works
Qualitative Assessment of Verbal Fluency Performance in Frontotemporal Dementia
van den Berg, E., Jiskoot, L. C., Grosveld, M. J. H., Swieten, J. C. V., & Papma, J. M. (2017) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000477538 · Cited by 2,061 · see citing works
Neurofilament light chain as a biomarker in neurological disorders
Gaetani, L., Blennow, K., Calabresi, P., Di Filippo, M., Parnetti, L., & Zetterberg, H. (2019) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2018-320106 · Cited by 1,334 · see citing works
Self-citationKarikari, T. K., Pascoal, T. A., Ashton, N. J., Janelidze, S., Benedet, A. L., Rodriguez, J. L., Chamoun, M., Savard, M., Kang, M. S., Therriault, J., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30071-5 · Cited by 1,316 · see citing works
Self-citationBang, J., Spina, S., & Miller, B. L. (2015) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00461-4 · Cited by 1,144 · see citing works
Estimating the number of independent components for functional magnetic resonance imaging data
Li, Y., Adalı, T., & Calhoun, V. D. (2007) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20359 · Cited by 912 · see citing works
Self-citationTau forms in CSF as a reliable biomarker for progressive supranuclear palsy
Borroni, B., Malinverno, M., Gardoni, F., Alberici, A., Parnetti, L., Premi, E., Bonuccelli, U., Grassi, M., Perani, D., Calabresi, P., et al. (2008) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000335941.68602.39 · Cited by 677 · see citing works
Self-citationThe heritability and genetics of frontotemporal lobar degeneration
Rohrer, J. D., Guerreiro, R., Vandrovcova, J., Uphill, J., Reiman, D., Beck, J., Isaacs, A. M., Authier, A., Ferrari, R., Fox, N. C., et al. (2009) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181bf997a · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Development of methodology for conducting clinical trials in frontotemporal lobar degeneration
Knopman, D. S., Kramer, J. H., Boeve, B. F., Caselli, R. J., Graff-Radford, N. R., Mendez, M. F., Miller, B. L., & Mercaldo, N. (2008) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awn234 · Cited by 442 · see citing works
Serum neurofilament light chain protein is a measure of disease intensity in frontotemporal dementia
Rohrer, J. D., Woollacott, I., Dick, K. M., Brotherhood, E., Gordón, E., Fellows, A. D., Toombs, J., Druyeh, R., Cardoso, M. J., Sebastien Ourselin, A., et al. (2016) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000003154 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Self-citationSurvival in frontotemporal dementia
Hodges, J. R., Davies, R., Xuereb, J. H., Kril, J. J., & Halliday, G. M. (2003) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000078928.20107.52 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Xu, L., Groth, K. M., Pearlson, G. D., Schretlen, D. J., & Calhoun, V. D. (2008) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20540 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Self-citationComparison of family histories in FTLD subtypes and related tauopathies
Goldman, J. S., Farmer, J. M., Wood, E. M., Johnson, J. K., Boxer, A. L., Neuhaus, J. M., Lomen‐Hoerth, C., Wilhelmsen, K. C., Lee, V. M. Y., Grossman, M., et al. (2005) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000187068.92184.63 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Kurth, F., Christian Gaser, B., & Eileen Luders, A. (2015) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2015.014 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Patterns of Gray Matter Abnormalities in Schizophrenia Based on an International Mega-analysis
Gupta, C. N., Calhoun, V. D., Rachakonda, S., Chen, J., Patel, V., Liu, J., Segall, J., Franke, B., Zwiers, M. P., Vásquez, A. A., et al. (2014) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu177 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Self-citationNeurotransmitter deficits from frontotemporal lobar degeneration
Murley, A. G., & Rowe, J. B. (2017) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awx327 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein is raised in progranulin-associated frontotemporal dementia
Heller, C., Foiani, M. S., Moore, K., Convery, R., Bocchetta, M., Neason, M., Cash, D. M., Thomas, D., Greaves, C. V., Woollacott, I. O., et al. (2020) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2019-321954 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Self-citationMiyagawa, T., Brushaber, D. E., Syrjanen, J. A., Kremers, W. K., Fields, J. A., Forsberg, L. K., Heuer, H. W., Knopman, D. S., Kornak, J., Boxer, A. L., et al. (2020) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12033 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Comparing CAT12 and VBM8 for Detecting Brain Morphological Abnormalities in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Farokhian, F., Beheshti, I., Sone, D., & Matsuda, H. (2017) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2017.00428 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Diagnostic and prognostic value of serum NfL and p-Tau 181 in frontotemporal lobar degeneration
Benussi, A., Karikari, T. K., Ashton, N. J., Gazzina, S., Premi, E., Benussi, L., Ghidoni, R., Lantero‐Rodriguez, J., Emeršič, A., Simrén, J., et al. (2020) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2020-323487 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Self-citationPhenotypic Heterogeneity of Monogenic Frontotemporal Dementia
Benussi, A., Padovani, A., & Borroni, B. (2015) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2015.00171 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citationA method for making group inferences from functional MRI data using independent component analysis
Calhoun, V. D., Adalı, T., Pearlson, G. D., & Pekar, J. J. (2002) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.10044 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationSerum neurofilament light chain in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia
Steinacker, P., Anderl-Straub, S., Diehl-Schmid, J., Semler, E., Uttner, I., von Arnim, C. A. F., Barthel, H., Danek, A., Fassbender, K., Fliessbach, K., et al. (2018) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000006318 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Survival in progressive supranuclear palsy and frontotemporal dementia
Chiu, W. Z., Kaat, L. D., Seelaar, H., Rosso, S. M., Boon, A. J., Kamphorst, W., & Swieten, J. C. V. (2010) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2009.195719 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Neuronal pentraxin 2: a synapse-derived CSF biomarker in genetic frontotemporal dementia
van der Ende, E. L., Xiao, M., Xu, D., Poos, J. M., Panman, J. L., Jiskoot, L. C., Meeter, L. H., Dopper, E. G., Papma, J. M., Heller, C., et al. (2020) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2019-322493 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationToward a glutamate hypothesis of frontotemporal dementia
Benussi, A., Alberici, A., Buratti, E., Ghidoni, R., Gardoni, F., Di Luca, M., Padovani, A., & Borroni, B. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00304 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationCsf p-tau<sub>181</sub>/tau ratio as biomarker for TDP pathology in frontotemporal dementia
Borroni, B., Benussi, A., Archetti, S., Galimberti, D., Parnetti, L., Nacmias, B., Sorbi, S., Scarpini, E., & Padovani, A. (2015) · Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration · doi:10.3109/21678421.2014.971812 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationClinical and biomarker changes in presymptomatic genetic frontotemporal dementia
Benussi, A., Gazzina, S., Premi, E., Cosseddu, M., Archetti, S., Dell’Era, V., Cantoni, V., Cotelli, M. S., Alberici, A., Micheli, A., et al. (2019) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.12.018 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic testing in dementia — utility and clinical strategies
Koriath, C., Kenny, J., Ryan, N. S., Rohrer, J. D., Schott, J. M., Houlden, H., Fox, N. C., Tabrizi, S. J., & Mead, S. (2020) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-020-00416-1 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Palese, F., Bonomi, E., Nuzzo, T., Benussi, A., Mellone, M., Zianni, E., Cisani, F., Casamassa, A., Alberici, A., Scheggia, D., et al. (2019) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.10.015 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationCosseddu, M., Benussi, A., Gazzina, S., Alberici, A., Dell’Era, V., Manes, M. A., Cristillo, V., Borroni, B., & Padovani, A. (2019) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.14071 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationHeuer, H. W., Wang, P., Rascovsky, K., Wolf, A., Appleby, B., Bove, J., Bordelon, Y., Brannelly, P., Brushaber, D. E., Caso, C., et al. (2020) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12046 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
A new algorithm for molecular diagnostics in FTLD
Borroni, B., & Padovani, A. (2013) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2013.72 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationModelling the cascade of biomarker changes in GRN-related frontotemporal dementia
Panman, J. L., Venkatraghavan, V., van der Ende, E. L., Steketee, R. M. E., Jiskoot, L. C., Poos, J. M., Dopper, E. G. P., Meeter, L. H. H., Kaat, L. D., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2020-323541 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationBorroni, B., Benussi, A., Premi, E., Alberici, A., Marcello, E. E., Gardoni, F., Luca, M. D., & Padovani, A. (2017) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-170584 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationFostinelli, S., Ciani, M., Zanardini, R., Zanetti, O. O., Binetti, G. G., Ghidoni, R., & Benussi, L. (2017) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-170661 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Capozzo, R., Sassi, C., Hammer, M. B., Arcuti, S., Zecca, C., Barulli, M. R., Tortelli, R., Gibbs, J. R., Crews, C. K., Seripa, D., et al. (2017) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2017.01.011 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Recent advances in understanding frontotemporal degeneration
Borroni, B., & Benussi, A. (2019) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.20330.1 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationNeurophysiological Correlates of Positive and Negative Symptoms in Frontotemporal Dementia
Benussi, A., Dell’Era, V., Cantoni, V., Cotelli, M. S., Cosseddu, M., Spallazzi, M., Alberici, A., Padovani, A., & Borroni, B. (2019) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-190986 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationProdromal frontotemporal dementia: clinical features and predictors of progression
Benussi, A., Ashton, N. J., Karikari, T. K., Alberici, A., Saraceno, C., Ghidoni, R., Benussi, L., Zetterberg, H., Blennow, K., & Borroni, B. (2021) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-021-00932-2 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationPadovani, A., Benussi, A., Cotelli, M. S., Ferrari, C., Cantoni, V., Dell’Era, V., Turrone, R., Paghera, B., & Borroni, B. (2019) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-019-0555-3 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationSolje, E., Benussi, A., Buratti, E., Remes, A. M., Haapasalo, A., & Borroni, B. (2021) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics11050788 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic Background Predicts Poor Prognosis in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration
Borroni, B., Grassi, M., Archetti, S., Papetti, A., Bo, R. D., Bonvicini, C., Comi, G. P., Gennarelli, M., Bellelli, G., Luca, M. D., et al. (2011) · Neurodegenerative Diseases · doi:10.1159/000322790 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationMendelian forms of disease and age at onset affect survival in frontotemporal dementia
Cosseddu, M., Benussi, A., Gazzina, S., Turrone, R., Archetti, S., Bonomi, E., Biasiotto, G., Zanella, I., Ferrari, R., Cotelli, M. S., et al. (2017) · Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration · doi:10.1080/21678421.2017.1384020 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationExperimental Disease-Modifying Agents for Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration
Giunta, M., Solje, E., Gardoni, F., Borroni, B., & Benussi, A. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Pharmacology · doi:10.2147/jep.s262352 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [43]Benussi A, Karikari TK, Ashton N, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of serum NfL and p‐Tau 181 in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2020; 91(9): 960‐ 967. 10.1136/jnnp-2020-323487 32611664 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fieldhouse, J. L. P., van Paassen, D. N., van Engelen, M.-P. E., De Boer, S. C. M., Hartog, W. L., Braak, S., Schoonmade, L. J., Schouws, S. N. T. M., Krudop, W. A., Oudega, M. L., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2024.1382593 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
- Authors
- Benussi, A., Libri, I., Premi, E., Alberici, A., Cantoni, V., Gadola, Y., Rivolta, J., Pengo, M., Gazzina, S., Calhoun, V. D., Gasparotti, R., Zetterberg, H., Ashton, N. J., Blennow, K., Padovani, A., & Borroni, B.
- Affiliations
- Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale degli Spedali Civili di Brescia (IT)
- University of Brescia (IT)
- Mind Research Network (US)
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital (SE)
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Borroni, Barbara
- ORCID
- Venue
- Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2022-01
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e12326-e12326
- ISSN
- 2352-8737 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9310192
- OpenAlex
- W4287313258
- Cited by
- 14
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3
- FWCI
- 1.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ArTS Archivio della ricerca di Trieste (University of Trieste https://www.units.it/) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System (Università degli Studi di Brescia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (2016615, 2112455)
- Alzheimer's Association (ADSF-21-831377-C, 21-831376 -C, ADSF‐21‐831376‐C, #ADSF-21-831381-C, JPND2019-466-236, -21-831381-C, -21- 831377-C)
- Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation (2016862, FO2017-0243, 201809, ADSF-21-831381-C, 2017-00915, #ALFGBG-715986, 201809–2016862, ADSF-21-831377-C, 860197, JPND2019-466-236, JPND2021-00694, 201809-2016615, #ADSF-21-831376-C, #RDAPB‐201809‐2016615, AF-742881)
- Familjen Erling-Perssons Stiftelse (#FO2017-0243, FO2019-0228, 860197)
- Stiftelsen för Gamla Tjänarinnor (860197, FO2019‐0228)
- European Commission (JPND2021‐00694, JPND2019‐466‐236, 860197)
- Fondazione Cariplo (2021-1516)
- Ministero della Salute (2018-, RF-2018-12366665, RF-2018)
- Hjärnfonden (FO2017‑0243, FO2017, ALFGBG-715986, FO2019‐0228, JPND2019-466-236)
- Vetenskapsrådet (860197, 2017-00915, (#ALFGBG-715986, 681712, 2018-, JPND2019-466-236, FO2017-0243, 2018-02532, JPND2021-00694)
- UK Dementia Research Institute (#2017-00915, ALFGBG-715986, RDAPB-201809-2016615, FO2017-0243, -201809-2016615)
- Associazione Italiana Ricerca Alzheimer (Airalzh-AGYR2020, AGYR2020)
- National Institutes of Health (2112455, 2018-02532)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG068398, RF1AG063153)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Keywords
- familial frontotemporal dementia, sporadic frontotemporal dementia, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, serum neurofilament light, brain atrophy, behavioral problems, survival, disease-modifying therapy, Frontal Systems Behavior Scale, age of onset, Italian patients, disease progression prediction, neuropsychiatric symptoms
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
