Water governance and justice in Cape Town: An overview
Open accessAbstract
The drought that drew the world's attention to Cape Town in early 2018 was the worst on record, threatening to cut off household taps for 4 million people. Even before the drought, the city's relation to water was complex; South Africa still struggles with the legacy of racial inequality including its implications for water justice. Spatial and economic segregation of people initiated when Europeans first settled in the Cape culminated during the apartheid era 1948–1994. It forcibly moved hundreds of thousands of “colored” and “black” Capetonians to inferior housing in low‐lying areas prone to flooding and with limited access to water, sanitation, and other services. Post‐1994 policies have aimed to promote water justice for all citizens, but municipalities have struggled with implementation especially in rapidly growing informal settlements. During the recent drought, the City of Cape Town ramped up its program for water demand management, including pressure reduction, leak repairs, and public awareness‐raising campaigns. However, poor communication and a lack of trust contributed to a near‐panic situation at the threat of “Day Zero” as dams almost ran dry in the first half of 2018. Saved by winter rains, Cape Town is now exploring additional water sources and developing a new Water Strategy. Taken together, the City's experiences demonstrate that sustainable water governance needs to acknowledge the interrelated threats of drought and flooding, and the range of impacts these threats as well as the City's responses have on a population still defined by extreme inequality. This article is categorized under: Engineering Water > Planning Water Human Water > Water Governance Science of Water > Water Extremes
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The inadequate provision of water services by the apartheid state led to expressions of resistance, with people refusing to pay for water and other deemed inadequate services.
“The inadequate provision of water services by the apartheid state led to expressions of resistance, with people refusing to pay for water and other deemed inadequate services (Enqvist and Ziervogel 2019: 4).”
From Exclusion and invented water scarcity: a historical perspective from colonialism to apartheid in South Africa (2024) · cites this paper as Enqvist and Ziervogel 2019: 4
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- Authors
- Enqvist, J. P., & Ziervogel, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- Corresponding author
- Enqvist, Johan P.
- Venue
- WIREs Water
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-05-26
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 4
- ISSN
- 2049-1948 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2947362173
- Cited by
- 215
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 6
- FWCI
- 91.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Water (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- AXA Research Fund
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Water Governance and Infrastructure
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water Resource Management and Quality
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Ocean Engineering › Water resources management and optimization
- Keywords
- water governance, water justice, Cape Town drought, Day Zero, apartheid legacy, racial inequality, informal settlements, water demand management, water scarcity, floods, water strategy, municipal water policy
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