The DOI matches its Crossref record; 92 of the 92 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Recent developments and applications of the CHARMM force fields
Open accessAbstract
Empirical force fields (FFs) commonly used to describe the condensed‐phase properties of complex systems such as biological macromolecules are continuously being updated. Improvements in quantum mechanical methods used to generate target data, availability of new experimental target data, incorporation of new classes of compounds, and new theoretical developments (e.g., polarizable methods) make FF development a dynamic domain of research. Accordingly, a number of improvements and extensions of the Chemistry at HARvard Molecular Mechanics (CHARMM) FFs have occurred over the years. The objective of the present review is to provide an up‐to‐date overview of the CHARMM FFs. A limited presentation on the historical aspects of FFs will be given, including underlying methodologies and principles, along with a brief description of the strategies used for parameter development. This is followed by information on the CHARMM additive and polarizable FFs, including examples of recent applications of those FFs. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. This article is categorized under: Molecular and Statistical Mechanics > Molecular Mechanics
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Comparison of simple potential functions for simulating liquid water
Jorgensen, W. L., Chandrasekhar, J., Madura, J. D., Impey, R. W., & Klein, M. L. (1983) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.445869 · Cited by 41,298
Development and testing of a general amber force field
Wang, J., Wolf, R. M., Caldwell, J. W., Kollman, P. A., & Case, D. A. (2004) · Journal of Computational Chemistry · doi:10.1002/jcc.20035 · Cited by 19,506
Scalable molecular dynamics with NAMD
Phillips, J. C., Braun, R., Wang, W., Gumbart, J., Tajkhorshid, E., Villa, E., Chipot, C., Skeel, R. D., Kalé, L., & Schulten, K. (2005) · Journal of Computational Chemistry · doi:10.1002/jcc.20289 · Cited by 16,914
CHARMM: A program for macromolecular energy, minimization, and dynamics calculations
Brooks, B. R., Bruccoleri, R. E., Olafson, B. D., States, D. J., Swaminathan, S., & Karplus, M. (1983) · Journal of Computational Chemistry · doi:10.1002/jcc.540040211 · Cited by 14,944
All-Atom Empirical Potential for Molecular Modeling and Dynamics Studies of Proteins
MacKerell, A. D., Bashford, D., Bellott, M., Dunbrack, R. L., Evanseck, J. D., Field, M. J., Fischer, S., Gao, J., Guo, H., Ha, S., et al. (1998) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/jp973084f · Cited by 14,311
Self-citationThe Cambridge Structural Database: a quarter of a million crystal structures and rising
Allen, F. H. (2002) · Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science · doi:10.1107/s0108768102003890 · Cited by 9,898
CHARMM: The biomolecular simulation program
Brooks, B. R., Brooks, C. L., Mackerell, A. D., Nilsson, L., Petrella, R. J., Roux, B., Won, Y., Archontis, G., Bartels, C., Boresch, S., et al. (2009) · Journal of Computational Chemistry · doi:10.1002/jcc.21287 · Cited by 8,939
Self-citationBayly, C. I., Cieplak, P., Cornell, W., & Kollman, P. A. (1993) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/j100142a004 · Cited by 8,081
Vanommeslaeghe, K., Hatcher, E., Acharya, C., Kundu, S., Zhong, S., Shim, J., Darian, E., Guvench, O., Lopes, P., Vorobyov, I., et al. (2010) · Journal of Computational Chemistry · doi:10.1002/jcc.21367 · Cited by 7,509
Self-citationSun, H. (1998) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/jp980939v · Cited by 6,001
Cited by
Building Force Fields: An Automatic, Systematic, and Reproducible Approach
Wang, L.-P., Martinez, T. J., & Pande, V. S. (2014) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1021/jz500737m · Cited by 559
Accelerated molecular dynamics simulations of protein folding
Miao, Y., Feixas, F., Eun, C., & McCammon, J. A. (2015) · Journal of Computational Chemistry · doi:10.1002/jcc.23964 · Cited by 202
Rossetti, P., Trollmann, M. F. W., Wichmann, C., Gutsmann, T., Eggeling, C., & Böckmann, R. A. (2026) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202411476 · Cited by 25
Conformational dynamics of a histidine molecular switch in a cation/proton antiporter
(2025) · doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2025.149563 · Cited by 4
Argandoña, Y., Olivos, A., Obando, P., Imas, F., Pohl, E., Quatrini, R., & Arenas-Salinas, M. (2025) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2025.02.017 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Zhu, X., Lopes, P. E. M., & MacKerell, A. D.
- Venue
- WIREs Computational Molecular Science
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-06-28
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 167-185
- ISSN
- 1759-0876 (ISSN-L)
- 1759-0884
- OpenAlex
- W2129017888
- Cited by
- 263
- References
- 92
- FWCI
- 5.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Recent developments and applications of the CHARMM force fields. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1002/wcms.74
- The paper
- Zhu, X., Lopes, P. E. M., & MacKerell, A. D. (2012). Recent developments and applications of the CHARMM force fields. WIREs Computational Molecular Science. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcms.74
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.