Scalable molecular dynamics with NAMD
Open accessAbstract
NAMD is a parallel molecular dynamics code designed for high‐performance simulation of large biomolecular systems. NAMD scales to hundreds of processors on high‐end parallel platforms, as well as tens of processors on low‐cost commodity clusters, and also runs on individual desktop and laptop computers. NAMD works with AMBER and CHARMM potential functions, parameters, and file formats. This article, directed to novices as well as experts, first introduces concepts and methods used in the NAMD program, describing the classical molecular dynamics force field, equations of motion, and integration methods along with the efficient electrostatics evaluation algorithms employed and temperature and pressure controls used. Features for steering the simulation across barriers and for calculating both alchemical and conformational free energy differences are presented. The motivations for and a roadmap to the internal design of NAMD, implemented in C++ and based on Charm++ parallel objects, are outlined. The factors affecting the serial and parallel performance of a simulation are discussed. Finally, typical NAMD use is illustrated with representative applications to a small, a medium, and a large biomolecular system, highlighting particular features of NAMD, for example, the Tcl scripting language. The article also provides a list of the key features of NAMD and discusses the benefits of combining NAMD with the molecular graphics/sequence analysis software VMD and the grid computing/collaboratory software BioCoRE. NAMD is distributed free of charge with source code at www.ks.uiuc.edu. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 26: 1781–1802, 2005
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The geometrical route has been automated with quaternion-based angle restraints as CVs in the NAMD and GROMACS MD engines.
“The geometrical route has been automated with quaternion-based angle restraints67 as CVs in the NAMD70,71 and GROMACS72 MD engines.”
From Assessment of the Topology and Oligomerisation States of Coiled Coils Using Metadynamics with Conformational Restraints (2025) · cites this paper as [70]
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- Authors
- Phillips, J. C., Braun, R., Wang, W., Gumbart, J., Tajkhorshid, E., Villa, E., Chipot, C., Skeel, R. D., Kalé, L., & Schulten, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Schulten, Klaus
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Computational Chemistry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2005-10-12
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 1781-1802
- ISSN
- 0192-8651 (ISSN-L)
- 1096-987X
- PMC
- PMC2486339
- OpenAlex
- W2150981663
- Cited by
- 16,914
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 403 · 2025: 624 · 2024: 755 · 2023: 743 · 2022: 943 · 2021: 1148 · 2020: 1268 · 2019: 1222 · 2018: 1218 · 2017: 1154 · 2016: 1144 · 2015: 1029 · 2014: 1046 · 2013: 969 · 2012: 843
- FWCI
- 82.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Computational Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Research Resources (NIH P41 RR05969, P41RR005969)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Structure and Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Hardware and Architecture › Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Physical and Theoretical Chemistry › Advanced Physical and Chemical Molecular Interactions
- Keywords
- neovascular age-related macular degeneration, parallel molecular dynamics, biomolecular simulation, force fields, equations of motion, integration techniques, temperature and pressure control, free energy calculation, alchemical free energy, conformational free energy, charm, Tcl scripting, VMD, grid computing, simulation performance
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Cell Membrane, Computer Simulation, Glycophorins, Models, Biological, Models, Chemical, Models, Molecular, Repressor Proteins, Software, Software Design, Aquaporins, Ubiquitin, Static Electricity
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