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Measuring zoo animal welfare: theory and practice
Abstract
The assessment of animal welfare relates to investigations of how animals try to cope with their environment, and how easy or how difficult it is for them to do so. The use of rigorous scientific methods to assess this has grown over the past few decades, and so our understanding of the needs of animals has improved during this time. Much of the work in the field of animal welfare has been conducted on farm animals, but it is important to consider how the methods and approaches used in assessing farm animal welfare have been, and can be, adapted and applied to the measurement of welfare in animals in other domains, such as in zoos. This is beneficial to our understanding of both the theoretical knowledge, and the practicability of methods. In this article, some of the commonly-used methods for measuring animal welfare will be discussed, as well as some practical considerations in assessing the welfare of zoo animals.
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“Denying these freedoms can result in maladaptation, chronic stress, poor welfare (32, 33), and abnormal stereotypic behaviors (34, 35).”
From Comparison of animal welfare assessment tools and methodologies: need for an effective approach for captive elephants in Asia (2024) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“However, some species do not demonstrate overt behavioral responses to stress, and hence an absence of abnormalities does not necessarily indicate a suitable environment (Hill and Broom, 2009).”
From Husbandry and enclosure influences on penguin behavior and conservation breeding (2016) · cites this paper as Hill and Broom, 2009
In the citing paper
“two individuals of the same species housed in the same environment and provided with the same husbandry will not necessarily perceive the environment in the same way and, as a result, may have very different welfare outcomes [124,125,126].”
From The visitor effect on zoo animals: implications and opportunities for zoo animal welfare (2019) · cites this paper as [125]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hill, S. P., & Broom, D. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hill, Sonya P.
- ORCID
- Broom, Donald M.
- Venue
- Zoo Biology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-10-08
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 531-544
- ISSN
- 0733-3188 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-2361
- OpenAlex
- W2041861293
- Cited by
- 252
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 0.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Zoo Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Veterinary Pharmacology and Anesthesia
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Keywords
- zoo animal welfare, animal welfare assessment, captive animals, animal needs, zoo animal husbandry
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animal Welfare, Animals, Zoo, Behavior, Animal, Health Status, Monitoring, Physiologic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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