The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 46 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Gum feeder as environmental enrichment for zoo marmosets and tamarins
Open accessAbstract
Tamarins and marmosets are small-bodied social callitrichines. Wild callitrichines feed on exudates, such as sap and gum; particularly, marmosets are mainly gummivores, while tamarins consume gums only occasionally and opportunistically. Zoo marmosets and tamarins are usually provided with gum arabic as an alternative to the exudates normally found in the wild. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a gum feeder on the behavior and well-being of four zoo-managed callitrichines. We studied four cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus), four red-handed tamarins (S. midas), two pygmy marmosets (Cebuella pygmaea), and three Geoffroy's marmosets (Callithrix geoffroyi) housed at Parco Natura Viva (Italy). We conducted the study over two different periods, a baseline (control, without the gum feeder) and then a gum feeder (when the gum feeder was provided) period. We used continuous focal animal sampling to collect behavioral data, including durations of social and individual behaviors. We collected 240 min of observations per period per study subject, with a total of 3,120 min for all the subjects in the same period and of 6,240 min in both periods. We analyzed data by using nonparametric statistical tests. First, we found that the gum feeder promoted species-specific behaviors, such as exploration, and diminished self-directed behaviors, suggesting an enriching effect on tamarin and marmoset behavior. Moreover, in red-handed tamarins, the provision of the gum feeder reduced the performance of self-directed and abnormal behavior, specifically coprophagy. These results confirm that gum feeders are effective foraging enrichment tools for zoo marmosets and tamarins.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
A wooden gum feeder increased visual exploration and reduced self-directed behaviors, interspecific interactions, and out-of-sight time in zoo callitrichines, with red-handed tamarins showing reduced stress-related behaviors including coprophagy. Marmosets tended to spend more time feeding on gum than tamarins, but morning versus afternoon gum feeding did not differ significantly within either group.
Key findings
- Across all subjects, the gum-feeder period had significantly more visual exploration (z = −2.201, p = .028) and significantly less feeding/foraging (z = −2.481, p = .031), maintenance (z = −3.111, p = .002), self-directed behavior (z = −2.201, p = .028), interspecific behavior (z = −2.023, p = .043), and “not observed” time (z = −2.481, p = .013) than baseline.
- Within tamarins, feeding/foraging and maintenance were significantly lower in the gum-feeder period (p = .036 and p = .012, respectively); within marmosets, only “not observed” was significantly lower (z = −2.023, p = .043).
- Coprophagy occurred in three of four red-handed tamarins, ranging from 0.13% to 1.67% of total observation time. Stress-related behaviors decreased significantly in one red-handed tamarin, CS (p = .037), but not in OB or Normann (p > .05).
- Median gum-feeding time was 42.5 (90.8) s for tamarins and 235 (255.5) s for marmosets; marmosets tended to spend more time eating gum (U = 7, p = .056). No significant morning/afternoon differences were found for tamarins (p = .116) or marmosets (p = .715).
Methods
- Subjects were 13 zoo-managed callitrichines at Parco Natura Viva, Italy: four cotton-top tamarins, four red-handed tamarins, two pygmy marmosets, and three Geoffroy’s marmosets. The study compared a baseline period with a gum-feeder period; the feeder was a wooden drilled disc with 10–15 holes per side, hung about 1.5 m above ground, and gum arabic was prepared using ∼8 g powder and 5 g water per subject.
- Continuous focal animal sampling was used to record durations of individual and social behaviors. Each subject was observed for 240 min per period, totaling 3,120 min per period and 6,240 min overall.
- Data were analyzed with nonparametric tests: Wilcoxon tests for baseline versus gum-feeder comparisons, Mann-Whitney tests for gum feeding between marmosets and tamarins, and single-case Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests for red-handed tamarins’ stress-related behaviors.
Limitations
- The paper states that the small sample size and relatively small amount of data collected hamper the ability to draw firm conclusions, and that future research should use larger samples and longer periods. It also notes that only time spent eating gum was collected, not the amount of gum eaten.
- Evident from the text: per-species sample sizes were very small (e.g., two pygmy marmosets, three Geoffroy’s marmosets, four individuals per tamarin species), and all data came from a single zoo, limiting statistical power and generalizability.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
0 of 46 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
The gum feeder diminished self-directed behaviors in zoo-managed callitrichines.
“and diminished self-directed behaviors”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In tamarins, maintenance behavior was performed significantly more during baseline than during the gum-feeder period.
“Regarding tamarins, within individual behaviors, feeding/foraging, and maintenance were performed significantly more during the baseline than during the gum-feeder period”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Median time spent feeding on gum arabic was 42.5 (90.8) s for tamarins.
“The median time spent feeding on gum arabic was 42.5 (90.8) s for tamarins and 235 (255.5)s for marmosets.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In red-handed tamarins, the provision of the gum feeder reduced the performance of self-directed and abnormal behavior, specifically coprophagy.
“Moreover, in red-handed tamarins, the provision of the gum feeder reduced the performance of self-directed and abnormal behavior, specifically coprophagy.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Visual exploration was performed significantly more during the gum-feeder period than during the baseline.
“whereas the opposite pattern was found for visual exploration.”
- Also stated in: § 4 | DISCUSSION · plain
“the presence of the gum feeder increased visual exploration, which was performed significantly more during the gum-feeder period than during the baseline.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § 4 | DISCUSSION · plain
- Findingown data
Median time spent feeding on gum arabic by tamarins was 31.5 (91.8) s in the morning.
“the median time spent feeding on gum arabic by tamarins was 31.5 (91.8) s in the morning and 0 (20) s in the afternoon.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In red-handed tamarins OB and Normann, no significant differences in SRBs were found between baseline and the gum-feeder period.
“but no significant differences were found for OB and Normann (p > .05).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In tamarins, feeding/foraging behavior was performed significantly more during baseline than during the gum-feeder period.
“Regarding tamarins, within individual behaviors, feeding/foraging, and maintenance were performed significantly more during the baseline than during the gum-feeder period”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Interspecific behavior was performed more during baseline than during the gum-feeder period.
“within social behaviors, interspecific behavior was performed more during the baseline than during the gum-feeder period”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Marmosets tended to spend more time eating gum arabic than tamarins (U = 7, p = .056).
“Marmosets tended to spend more time eating gum arabic than tamarins (U = 7, p = .056).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Median time spent feeding on gum arabic was 235 (255.5) s for marmosets.
“The median time spent feeding on gum arabic was 42.5 (90.8) s for tamarins and 235 (255.5)s for marmosets.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The gum feeder promoted species-specific behaviors, such as exploration, in zoo-managed callitrichines.
“First, we found that the gum feeder promoted species-specific behaviors, such as exploration”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Median time spent feeding on gum arabic by marmosets was 116 (207) s in the morning.
“In the case of marmosets, the median time spent feeding on gum arabic was 116 (207) s in the morning and 114 (281) s in the afternoon.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Not observed was performed significantly more during baseline than during the gum-feeder period.
“Wilcoxon test revealed that “not observed” was performed significantly more during the baseline than during the gum-feeder period (z = -2.481,p = .013;Table 3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Three red-handed tamarins (CS, OB, and Normann) showed coprophagy.
“Three red-handed tamarins (CS, OB, and Normann) showed the abnormal behavior “coprophagy.””
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In red-handed tamarin CS, SRBs were performed significantly more during baseline than during the gum-feeder period.
“SRBs were performed significantly more during the baseline than the gum-feeder period in CS (p = .037)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Maintenance behavior was performed significantly more during baseline than during the gum-feeder period.
“feeding/foraging, maintenance, and self-directed were performed significantly more during the baseline than during the gum-feeder period”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Median time spent feeding on gum arabic by tamarins was 0 (20) s in the afternoon.
“the median time spent feeding on gum arabic by tamarins was 31.5 (91.8) s in the morning and 0 (20) s in the afternoon.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In marmosets, not observed was performed significantly more during baseline than during the gum-feeder period.
“Regarding marmosets, “not observed” was performed significantly more during baseline than during the gum-feeder period (z = -2.023,p = .043)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Self-directed behavior was performed significantly more during baseline than during the gum-feeder period.
“feeding/foraging, maintenance, and self-directed were performed significantly more during the baseline than during the gum-feeder period”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Feeding/foraging behavior was performed significantly more during baseline than during the gum-feeder period.
“feeding/foraging, maintenance, and self-directed were performed significantly more during the baseline than during the gum-feeder period”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Each species interacted with the gum feeders performing a new behavior to obtain gum arabic.
“First, each species interacted with the gum feeders performing a new behavior to obtain gum arabic, confirming the enriching role on the animal daily routine and feeding strategies of this device”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
The study subjects had rested in the wooden nest boxes in the highest part of the enclosure where the observer was not able to see them.
“However, the study subjects had rested in the wooden nest boxes in the highest part of the enclosure where the observer was not able to see them.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
No significant differences between morning and afternoon in gum feeding for marmosets.
“Wilcoxon tests revealed no significant differences between morning and afternoon in both tamarins (Z = -1.572,p = .116)and marmosets (Z = -0.365,p = .715;Figure 3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In three red-handed tamarins, the gum feeder had a positive effect as reduced SRBs, such as self-directed behaviors and coprophagy.
“When analyzing the behavior of each study subject during the two periods, we found that in three red-handed tamarins, the gum feeder had a positive effect as reduced SRBs, such as self-directed behaviors and coprophagy.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The baseline and gum-feeder periods are comparable except for the presence of the gum feeder, so differences can be attributed to the feeder.
- Findingown data
Except for the decrease in feeding/foraging and maintenance behavior reported in the gum-feeder period, no significant differences between periods were found in tamarins.
“Except for the decrease in feeding/foraging and maintenance behavior reported in the gum-feeder period, no significant differences between periods were found in tamarins.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Marmosets were out-of-sight (not observed) significantly more during the baseline than the gum-feeder period.
“On the other hand, marmosets were out-of-sight (”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The baseline and gum-feeder periods are comparable except for the presence of the gum feeder, so differences can be attributed to the feeder.
- Findingown data
During the second period, there was a significant decrease in interspecific behaviors, including interacting with or directing attention to humans.
“Regarding social behaviors, during the second period, a significant decrease in interspecific behaviors, including interacting with or directing attention to humans was also reported.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The baseline and gum-feeder periods are comparable except for the presence of the gum feeder, so differences can be attributed to the feeder.
- Findingreasoning
This gouging/scraping movement was less pronounced in tamarins as they simply retrieved the superficial gum coming out the holes and consumed it.
“This movement was less pronounced in tamarins as they simply retrieved the superficial gum coming out the holes and consumed it.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
One of the main effects of the gum feeder was the reduction of SRBs, including coprophagy.
“One of the main effects of the gum feeder was the reduction of SRBs, including coprophagy.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The baseline and gum-feeder periods are comparable except for the presence of the gum feeder, so differences can be attributed to the feeder.
- Findingreasoning
Inactive behaviors, such as sleeping, were rather uncommon in the study subjects.
“Inactive behaviors, such as sleeping, were rather uncommon in the study subjects, as tamarins and marmosets tend to be very active during the day.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
For CS, the median duration of SRB was 113.5 (50) s in the baseline and 74.5 (51.25) s in the gum-feeder period.
“For CS, the median duration of SRB was 113.5 (50) s in the baseline and 74.5 (51.25) s in the gum-feeder period;”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Median time spent feeding on gum arabic by marmosets was 114 (281) s in the afternoon.
“In the case of marmosets, the median time spent feeding on gum arabic was 116 (207) s in the morning and 114 (281) s in the afternoon.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Red-handed tamarins performed autocoprophagy.
“In addition, red-handed tamarins performed autocoprophagy, which has been previously related to physical or psychological stress in nonhuman primates (Anderson, Combette, & Roeder, 1991;Krief et al., 2004;Prates & Bicca-Marques, 2005).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
When retrieving gum, marmosets gouged and scraped the disc moving the head and mouth similarly as in the tree-gouging behavior reported in the wild.
“When retrieving the gum, marmosets gouged and scraped the disc moving the head and mouth similarly as in the tree-gouging behavior reported in the wild”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The study monkeys spent a relatively low amount of time performing self-directed behaviors in both the baseline and the gum-feeder periods (4% and 3% of the total observation time, respectively).
“However, the study monkeys spent a relatively low amount of time performing self-directed behaviors in both the baseline and the gum-feeder periods (4% and 3% of the total observation time, respectively) suggesting that this statistically significant change may not necessarily be biologically important.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
For OB, the median duration of SRB was 90 (70.25) s in the baseline and 52 (72.75) s in the gum-feeder period.
“for OB, the median duration of SRB was 90 (70.25) s in the baseline and 52 (72.75) s in the gum-feeder period;”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The presence of the gum feeder led to a significant decrease in self-directed behaviors in the study monkeys.
“The presence of the gum feeder also led to a significant decrease in self-directed behaviors, which have been described as potential behavioral indicators of stress and anxiety in nonhuman primates, at least in some situations (Leeds & Lukas, 2018;Maestripieri et al., 1992).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The baseline and gum-feeder periods are comparable except for the presence of the gum feeder, so differences can be attributed to the feeder.
- Findingown data
No significant differences between morning and afternoon in gum feeding for tamarins.
“Wilcoxon tests revealed no significant differences between morning and afternoon in both tamarins (Z = -1.572,p = .116)and marmosets (Z = -0.365,p = .715;Figure 3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Wild tamarins show more frequent gum feeding during the afternoon.
“Wild tamarins show more frequent gum feeding during the afternoon, as gum digestion is time consuming and would, therefore, be easier during the night sleeping (Bairrão Ruivo, 2010;Heymann & Smith, 1999;Kelly, 1993).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Bairrão Ruivo, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Heymann & Smith, 1999 source
- cites Kelly, 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
Gum feeders are effective foraging enrichment tools for zoo marmosets and tamarins.
“These results confirm that gum feeders are effective foraging enrichment tools for zoo marmosets and tamarins.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The study subjects are representative of zoo-managed marmosets and tamarins generally, so results can be generalized to zoo marmosets and tamarins.
- Premisecitation
Gummivore marmosets eat gum frequently throughout the daylight hours.
“On the contrary, gummivore marmosets are known to eat gum frequently throughout the daylight hours as their gastrointestinal system is welladapted to gum digestion (Bairrão Ruivo, 2010;Heymann & Smith, 1999;Kelly, 1993).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Bairrão Ruivo, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Heymann & Smith, 1999 source
- cites Kelly, 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationown data
The gum feeder had an enriching effect on tamarin and marmoset behavior.
“suggesting an enriching effect on tamarin and marmoset behavior.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Our findings seem to highlight positive effects of the gum feeder on the behavior of zoo callitrichines.
“Our findings seem to highlight positive effects of the gum feeder on the behavior of zoo callitrichines, as previously reported in the species considered in the current study as well as in other species of marmosets and tamarins (Huber & Lewis, 2011;McGraw et al., 1986;Roberts et al., 1999;T. D. Taylor, 2002).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Huber & Lewis, 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites McGraw et al., 1986
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Roberts et al., 1999
- Rests on an assumption: The baseline and gum-feeder periods are comparable except for the presence of the gum feeder, so differences can be attributed to the feeder.
- Interpretationcitation
Gum-related enrichment might be particularly relevant to prevent coprophagy in red-handed tamarins.
“This was reported in other studies on gum feeders in the red-handed tamarin, suggesting that gum-related enrichment might be particularly relevant to prevent coprophagy in this species (T.D. Taylor, 2002), and on laboratory common marmosets, where similar gum-feeding devices decreased stereotypies (Roberts et al., 1999).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites T.D. Taylor, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
In the case of tamarins, these species are known to eat exudates mainly during the afternoon, so that they can digest this food item overnight.
“In the case of tamarins, these species are known to eat exudates mainly during the afternoon, so that they can digest this food item overnight (Bairrão Ruivo, 2010;Heymann & Smith, 1999;Kelly, 1993).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Bairrão Ruivo, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Heymann & Smith, 1999 source
- cites Kelly, 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
It is possible that by decreasing the time spent out-of-sight, the presence of the gum feeder also reduced the inactive behavior of the study subjects, especially within marmosets.
“For this reason, it is possible, by decreasing the time spent out-of-sight, the presence of the gum feeder also reduced the inactive behavior of the study subjects, especially within marmosets.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Tamarins do not have as many adaptations for gum feeding and digestion as marmosets.
“Indeed, tamarins do not have as many adaptations for gum feeding and digestion as marmosets (Bairrão Ruivo, 2010;Heymann & Smith, 1999;Hosey et al., 2013;Roberts et al., 1999;T. D. Taylor, 2002);”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Gummivore marmosets spend a large amount of time feeding on gum, based on the importance of this food in their diet.
“This finding agrees with previous work on these species, as gummivore marmosets spend a large amount of time feeding on gum, based on the importance of this food in their diet, whereas tamarins rely more on fruit and invertebrates and cannot easily obtain and digest plant exudate (Bairrão Ruivo, 2010;Heymann & Smith, 1999;Kelly, 1993).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Bairrão Ruivo, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Heymann & Smith, 1999 source
- cites Kelly, 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationown data
The statistically significant change in self-directed behaviors may not necessarily be biologically important.
“However, the study monkeys spent a relatively low amount of time performing self-directed behaviors in both the baseline and the gum-feeder periods (4% and 3% of the total observation time, respectively) suggesting that this statistically significant change may not necessarily be biologically important.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductreasoning
The behavioral category 'not observed' also included resting, which was otherwise not recorded in the study periods.
“Therefore, the behavioral category”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Similar gum-feeding devices decreased stereotypies in laboratory common marmosets.
“This was reported in other studies on gum feeders in the red-handed tamarin, suggesting that gum-related enrichment might be particularly relevant to prevent coprophagy in this species (T.D. Taylor, 2002), and on laboratory common marmosets, where similar gum-feeding devices decreased stereotypies (Roberts et al., 1999).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Roberts et al., 1999
- Interpretationreasoning
The decrease in feeding/foraging behaviors within tamarins is consistent with the same result obtained when data from both species were pooled together.
“The decrease in feeding/ foraging behaviors within tamarins seems consistent with the same result obtained when data from both species were pooled together.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- It may state two separate claims as one. 21
- Probably not a substantial claim. 9
- The quote only partly states this claim. 3
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataAlthough no statistically significant difference was found, marmosets tended to feed on gum more than tamarins.
“First, although no statistically significant difference was found, marmosets tended to feed on gum more than tamarins.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone givenAll study monkeys interacted with the gum feeder and showed the behavior of eating arabic gum from the holes.
“All the study monkeys interacted with the gum feeder and showed the behavior of eating arabic gum from the holes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataNo differences in time spent feeding on gum arabic were found between mornings and afternoons, neither within marmosets nor within tamarins.
“Similarly, no differences in time spent feeding on gum arabic were found between mornings and afternoons, neither within marmosets nor within tamarins.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataFor Normann, the median duration of SRB was 101 (99.75) s in the baseline and 60 (70) s in the gum-feeder period.
“for Normann, the median duration of SRB was 101 (99.75) s in the baseline and 60 (70) s in the gum-feeder period.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone givenTamarins consume gums only occasionally and opportunistically.
“while tamarins consume gums only occasionally and opportunistically.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationPrevious research suggested that a similar gum feeder could promote species-specific behaviors, reduce abnormal behaviors such as stereotypies and coprophagy, and decrease inactivity in zoo marmosets and tamarins.
“Previous research investigating the effects of a similar gum feeder on zoo marmosets and tamarins suggested that this environmental enrichment could promote species-specific behaviors, reduce abnormal behaviors, such as stereotypies and coprophagy, and decrease inactivity (Huber & Lewis, 2011;McGraw, Brennan, & Russell, 1986;Roberts, Roytburd, & Newman, 1999;T. D. Taylor, 2002).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Huber & Lewis, 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites McGraw, Brennan, & Russell, 1986
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Roberts, Roytburd, & Newman, 1999
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationTamarins tend to feed on gum and sap only opportunistically, when this food is available in trees wounded by other animals, with seasonal variation in time investment for gum feeding.
“Tamarins tend to feed on gum and sap only opportunistically, when this food is available in trees wounded by other animals, with seasonal variation in terms of time investment for gum feeding (Garber, 1993;Power, 2010;Power & Oftedal, 1996).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone givenMarmosets are mainly gummivores.
“particularly, marmosets are mainly gummivores”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationPlant gum exudates are an essential component of the marmoset diet, whilst it is less important for other callitrichines.
“Plant gum exudates are an essential component of the marmoset diet, whilst it is less important for other callitrichines (Bairrão Ruivo, 2010;Power, 2010;Power & Oftedal, 1996).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Bairrão Ruivo, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Power, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Power & Oftedal, 1996 source
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationProvision of hanging feeder baskets and sticks smeared with Acacia gum promoted feeding and foraging while decreasing stereotypic behavior, specifically excessive coprophagy, in red-handed tamarins in a zoo.
“In particular, the provision of hanging feeder baskets and sticks smeared with Acacia gum promoted feeding and foraging while decreasing stereotypic behavior, specifically excessive coprophagy, in red-handed tamarins in a zoo (T.D. Taylor, 2002).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites T.D. Taylor, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisereasoningMarmosets show behavioral, morphological and metabolic adaptations to gum feeding.
“For this reason, marmosets show behavioral, morphological and metabolic adaptations to gum feeding.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
InterpretationreasoningProviding gum in the new gum feeders might have incentivized the consumption of this food item regardless of the time of the day.
“Again, providing gum in the new gum feeders might have incentivized the consumption of this food item regardless of the time of the day.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductnone givenWe collected data on the time spent eating gum but not the amount of gum that was eaten.
“However, we collected data on the time spent eating gum but not the amount of gum that was eaten.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductown dataThe small sample size and the relatively small amount of data collected in our study hamper the ability to draw firm conclusions.
“However, the small sample size and the relatively small amount of data collected in our study hamper the ability to draw firm conclusions and future research is needed to investigate more deeply the gum-feeding behavior of zoo callitrichines, focusing on larger samples and longer periods of time.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown dataProviding zoo tamarins and marmosets with gum arabic in a naturalistic and innovative way, such as using a wooden gum feeder, might enhance the welfare of these species by improving the visibility to zoo visitors by decreasing the time spent out-of-sight and in interspecific interactions.
“2) Improving the visibility to zoo visitors by decreasing the time spent out-of-sight and in interspecific interactions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The baseline and gum-feeder periods are comparable except for the presence of the gum feeder, so differences can be attributed to the feeder.
- Rests on an assumption: Increased visibility to zoo visitors is a welfare benefit for the study species.
- Rests on an assumption: The gum feeder is a naturalistic and innovative way to provide gum arabic.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
InterpretationreasoningThe gum-feeding behavior of the study Geoffroy's and pygmy marmosets resembles that reported in the wild, as the study subjects ate gum arabic to the same extent in both the morning and the afternoon.
“Therefore, the gum-feeding behavior of the study Geoffroy's and pygmy marmosets resembles that reported in the wild, as the study subjects ate gum arabic to the same extent in both the morning and the afternoon.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationTamarins rely more on fruit and invertebrates and cannot easily obtain and digest plant exudate.
“This finding agrees with previous work on these species, as gummivore marmosets spend a large amount of time feeding on gum, based on the importance of this food in their diet, whereas tamarins rely more on fruit and invertebrates and cannot easily obtain and digest plant exudate (Bairrão Ruivo, 2010;Heymann & Smith, 1999;Kelly, 1993).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Bairrão Ruivo, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Heymann & Smith, 1999 source
- cites Kelly, 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown dataThe gum feeder could enhance the welfare of the study subjects by engaging them in species-specific behaviors and increasing the time they were visible to the public.
“This result seems to suggest that the gum feeder could enhance the welfare of the study subjects, engaging them in the performance of species-specific behaviors and increasing the time they were visible to the public.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningThe lack of significant differences in marmosets might be due to the small sample size.
“However, the lack of significant differences in marmosets might be due to the small sample size and thus further research is needed to better investigate this aspect.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown dataProviding zoo tamarins and marmosets with gum arabic in a naturalistic and innovative way, such as using a wooden gum feeder, might enhance the welfare of these species by increasing the consumption of this crucial food item, at least in the first stages of the introduction of the feeder.
“4) Increasing the consumption of this crucial food item, at least in the first stages of the introduction of the feeder.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The baseline and gum-feeder periods are comparable except for the presence of the gum feeder, so differences can be attributed to the feeder.
- Rests on an assumption: The gum feeder is a naturalistic and innovative way to provide gum arabic.
- Rests on an assumption: Gum arabic is a crucial food item for these species.
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationGum arabic is a high-energy food source, rich in carbohydrates and minerals, requiring a longer time to be digested than other food items.
“Gum arabic is a high-energy food source, rich in carbohydrates and minerals, requiring a longer time to be digested than other food items (Bairrão Ruivo, 2010; Kelly, 1993;Power, 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Bairrão Ruivo, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Kelly, 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Power, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationAutocoprophagy has been previously related to physical or psychological stress in nonhuman primates.
“In addition, red-handed tamarins performed autocoprophagy, which has been previously related to physical or psychological stress in nonhuman primates (Anderson, Combette, & Roeder, 1991;Krief et al., 2004;Prates & Bicca-Marques, 2005).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationOur results add to previous literature on gum-feeding devices in tamarins and marmosets, highlighting that the wooden gum feeders can improve the welfare of these species in controlled environments by stimulating natural behaviors and promoting naturalistic feeding strategies.
“Our results add to previous literature on gum-feeding devices in tamarins and marmosets, highlighting that the wooden gum feeders can improve the welfare of these species in controlled environments by stimulating natural behaviors and promoting naturalistic feeding strate-gies (Huber & Lewis, 2011;McGraw et al., 1986;Roberts et al., 1999;T. D. Taylor, 2002).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Huber & Lewis, 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites McGraw et al., 1986
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Roberts et al., 1999
- Rests on an assumption: The baseline and gum-feeder periods are comparable except for the presence of the gum feeder, so differences can be attributed to the feeder.
It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningThe gum feeder might help tamarins and marmosets to better cope with humans, promoting species-specific social behaviors and discouraging possibly deleterious human-animal interactions.
“As visitors may be distressing for the study subjects, this finding seems to highlight that the gum feeder might help tamarins and marmosets to better cope with humans, promoting the performance of species-specific social behaviors and discouraging possibly deleterious human-animal interactions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationIn the wild, marmosets feed on exudates frequently throughout the daylight hours, as their gastrointestinal system is well adapted to gum digestion.
“In the wild, marmosets feed on exudates frequently throughout the daylight hours, as their gastrointestinal system is welladapted to gum digestion (Bairrão Ruivo, 2010;Heymann & Smith, 1999;Kelly, 1993).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Bairrão Ruivo, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Heymann & Smith, 1999 source
- cites Kelly, 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
The quote only partly states this claim.
Interpretationown dataThe presence of the drilled wooden discs might help to increase the visibility of marmosets to zoo visitors.
“On the other hand, marmosets were out-of-sight (”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Increased visibility to zoo visitors is a welfare benefit for the study species.
It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningConsuming the gum before other food items due to the new presentation modality might have reduced the tamarin appetite and the performance of other food-related behavior, but had no effect on gummivore marmosets.
“therefore, consuming the gum before other food items due to the new presentation modality might have reduced the tamarin appetite and the performance of other food-related behavior, but had no effect on gummivore marmosets.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The baseline and gum-feeder periods are comparable except for the presence of the gum feeder, so differences can be attributed to the feeder.
The quote only partly states this claim.
InterpretationcitationProviding zoo tamarins and marmosets with gum arabic in a naturalistic and innovative way, such as using a wooden gum feeder, might enhance the welfare of these species by reducing the performance of abnormal behaviors, as reported in the study of red-handed tamarins.
“3) Reducing the performance of abnormal behaviors, as reported in the study of red-handed tamarins.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The baseline and gum-feeder periods are comparable except for the presence of the gum feeder, so differences can be attributed to the feeder.
- Rests on an assumption: The gum feeder is a naturalistic and innovative way to provide gum arabic.
Probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationcitationIt could not be excluded that the greater interaction of the marmosets with the feeder was due to species differences in approaching the new enrichment devices.
“However, it could not be excluded that the greater interaction of the marmosets with the feeder was due to species differences in approaching the new enrichment devices, as previously suggested (Renner et al., 2000).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Renner et al., 2000 source
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown dataProviding zoo tamarins and marmosets with gum arabic in a naturalistic and innovative way, such as using a wooden gum feeder, might enhance the welfare of these species by promoting the performance of species-specific behaviors, such as visual exploration and decreasing self-directed behaviors that can in some cases indicate a stressful situation of the animal.
“In conclusion, our findings suggest that providing zoo tamarins and marmosets with gum arabic in a naturalistic and innovative way, such as using a wooden gum feeder, might enhance the welfare of these species by: 1) Promoting the performance of species-specific behaviors, such as visual exploration and decreasing self-directed behaviors that can in some cases indicate a stressful situation of the”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The baseline and gum-feeder periods are comparable except for the presence of the gum feeder, so differences can be attributed to the feeder.
- Rests on an assumption: The gum feeder is a naturalistic and innovative way to provide gum arabic.
The paper relies on this without support.
The baseline and gum-feeder periods were otherwise comparable, so observed behavioral differences between periods can be attributed to the gum feeder rather than to order, time, or other changes.
“The study was made of two different periods, the baseline and the gum-feeder period.”
“Feeding and enrichment times were the same over the study period, one in the morning and one in the afternoon.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The study subjects are representative of zoo-managed marmosets and tamarins generally, so results can be generalized to zoo marmosets and tamarins.
“We studied eight tamarins, specifically four cotton-top tamarins and four red-handed tamarins; and five marmosets, three Geoffroy's marmosets, and a pair of pygmy marmosets.”
“These results confirm that gum feeders are effective foraging enrichment tools for zoo marmosets and tamarins.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The baseline and gum-feeder periods are comparable except for the presence of the gum feeder, so differences can be attributed to the feeder.
“In conclusion, our findings suggest that providing zoo tamarins and marmosets with gum arabic in a naturalistic and innovative way, such as using a wooden gum feeder, might enhance the welfare of these species by:”
The paper relies on this without support.
Increased visibility to zoo visitors is a welfare benefit for the study species.
“2) Improving the visibility to zoo visitors by decreasing the time spent out-of-sight and in interspecific interactions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The gum feeder is a naturalistic and innovative way to provide gum arabic.
“In conclusion, our findings suggest that providing zoo tamarins and marmosets with gum arabic in a naturalistic and innovative way, such as using a wooden gum feeder, might enhance the welfare of these species by:”
The paper relies on this without support.
Gum arabic is a crucial food item for these species.
“4) Increasing the consumption of this crucial food item, at least in the first stages of the introduction of the feeder.”
Statistics that don’t add up
Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.
Inconsistent p-value across alpha = .05: )z = -2.260,p = .2082
MajorThe paper reports p = .2082 here; recomputing from the test statistic and its degrees of freedom gives p = .024 (two-tailed). The two fall on opposite sides of alpha = .05. The check cannot tell whether the statistic or the p-value is the misprint.
Reported p = .2082 · recomputed p = .024
“)z = -2.260,p = .2082”
Inconsistent p-value: z = -1.604,p = .110
MinorThe paper reports p = .11 here; recomputing from the test statistic and its degrees of freedom gives p = .109 (two-tailed). The check cannot tell whether the statistic or the p-value is the misprint.
Reported p = .11 · recomputed p = .109
“z = -1.604,p = .110”
Inconsistent p-value: )z = -2.481,p = .031
MinorThe paper reports p = .031 here; recomputing from the test statistic and its degrees of freedom gives p = .013 (two-tailed). The check cannot tell whether the statistic or the p-value is the misprint.
Reported p = .031 · recomputed p = .013
“)z = -2.481,p = .031”
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Doesn’t add upz = -2.26reported p = .2082 · recomputed p = .024The two fall on opposite sides of .05
“)z = -2.260,p = .2082”
- Doesn’t add upz = -2.481reported p = .031 · recomputed p = .013
“)z = -2.481,p = .031”
- Doesn’t add upz = -1.604reported p = .11 · recomputed p = .109
“z = -1.604,p = .110”
- Not confirmedz = -1.868reported p = .0628 · recomputed p = .062
“z = -1.868,p = .0628”
- Not confirmedz = -1.016reported p = .3105 · recomputed p = .310
“)z = -1.016,p = .3105”
- Not confirmedz = -1.922reported p = .055974 · recomputed p = .055
“z = -1.922,p = .055974”
- Not confirmedz = -1.4reported p = .161321 · recomputed p = .162
“)z = -1.400,p = .161321”
- Not confirmedz = -0.491reported p = .62449 · recomputed p = .623
“)z = -0.491,p = .62449”
- Not confirmedz = -1.26reported p = .208384 · recomputed p = .208
“)z = -1.260,p = .208384”
- Not confirmedz = -1.68reported p = .0937 · recomputed p = .093
“)z = -1.680,p = .0937”
- Not confirmedz = -1.712reported p = .087704 · recomputed p = .087
“)z = -1.712,p = .087704”
- Not confirmedz = -0.533reported p = .5949 · recomputed p = .594
“z = -0.533,p = .5949”
- Not confirmedz = -0.28reported p = .779 · recomputed p = .779
“)z = -0.280,p = .7790”
- Not confirmedz = -1.342reported p = .18038 · recomputed p = .180
“z = -1.342,p = .18038”
- Not confirmedz = -1.54reported p = .1241 · recomputed p = .124
“z = -1.540,p = .1241”
- Consistentz = -2.481reported p = .013 · recomputed p = .013
“(z = -2.481,p = .013”
- Consistentz = -2.023reported p = .043 · recomputed p = .043
“(z = -2.023,p = .043”
- Consistentz = -1.572reported p = .116 · recomputed p = .116
“(Z = -1.572,p = .116”
- Consistentz = -0.365reported p = .715 · recomputed p = .715
“(Z = -0.365,p = .715”
- Consistentz = -1.214reported p = .225 · recomputed p = .225
“)z = -1.214,p = .225”
- Consistentz = -2.1reported p = .036 · recomputed p = .036
“)z = -2.100,p = .036”
- Consistentz = -1.483reported p = .138 · recomputed p = .138
“)z = -1.483,p = .138”
- Consistentz = -0.384reported p = .7012 · recomputed p = .701
“)z = -0.384,p = .7012”
- Consistentz = -1.483reported p = .138 · recomputed p = .138
“z = -1.483,p = .138”
- Consistentz = -3.111reported p = .002 · recomputed p = .002
“z = -3.111,p = .002”
- Consistentz = -2.521reported p = .012 · recomputed p = .012
“)z = -2.521,p = .012”
- Consistentz = -1.761reported p = .078 · recomputed p = .078
“)z = -1.761,p = .078”
- Consistentz = -1.049reported p = .29427 · recomputed p = .294
“)z = -1.049,p = .29427”
- Consistentz = -0.944reported p = .345 · recomputed p = .345
“z = -0.944,p = .345”
- Consistentz = -2.201reported p = .028 · recomputed p = .028
“z = -2.201,p = .028”
- Consistentz = -1.753reported p = .08 · recomputed p = .080
“z = -1.753,p = .080”
- Consistentz = -0.56reported p = .5751 · recomputed p = .575
“)z = -0.560,p = .5751”
- Consistentz = -1.753reported p = .08 · recomputed p = .080
“)z = -1.753,p = .080”
- Consistentz = -2.023reported p = .043 · recomputed p = .043
“z = -2.023,p = .043”
- Consistentz = -2.481reported p = .013 · recomputed p = .013
“)z = -2.481,p = .013”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Identical Wilcoxon z values have different reported p values
MinorTable 3 reports z = -2.481 for both comparisons but gives p = .031 for feeding/foraging and p = .013 for not observed. The same reported z value cannot yield both p values under the same Wilcoxon test.
“Feeding/foraging 1,219 (590.5)826 (665.5)z = -2.481,p = .031*”
“Not observed 956 (881.5)207 (553.5)z = -2.481,p = .013*”
Citations
Cites
Observational study of behavior: sampling methods
Altmann, J. (1974) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853974x00534 · Cited by 13,891
Neotropical rainforest mammals: a field guide
(1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-2735 · Cited by 1,431
Neotropical rainforest mammals: A field guide
Ayres, J. M. (1991) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/0169-5347(91)90062-3 · Cited by 874
Mellor, D., & Beausoleil, N. (2015) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.7120/09627286.24.3.241 · Cited by 627
A modest proposal: displacement activities as an indicator of emotions in primates
Dario Maestripieri, A., Schino, G., Aureli, F., & Troisi, A. (1992) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80592-5 · Cited by 583
Aspects of common marmoset basic biology and life history important for biomedical research.
Abbott, D. H., Barnett, D. K., Colman, R. J., Yamamoto, M. E., & SCHULTZ‐DARKEN, N. J. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 356
Displacement Activities as a Behavioral Measure of Stress in Nonhuman Primates and Human Subjects
Troisi, A. (2002) · Stress · doi:10.1080/102538902900012378 · Cited by 338
Evolution of feeding niches in new world monkeys
Rosenberger, A. L. (1992) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330880408 · Cited by 326
Measuring zoo animal welfare: theory and practice
Hill, S. P., & Broom, D. M. (2009) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.20276 · Cited by 252
The Marmoset as a Model of Aging and Age-Related Diseases
Tardif, S. D., Mansfield, K. G., Ratnam, R., Ross, C. N., & Ziegler, T. E. (2011) · ILAR Journal · doi:10.1093/ilar.52.1.54 · Cited by 247
Smuts, B. B., Cheney, D. L., Seyfarth, R. M., & Wrangham, R. W. (1986) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226220468.001.0001 · Cited by 228
Comparative functional analysis of skull morphology of tree‐gouging primates
Vinyard, C. J., Wall, C. E., Williams, S. H., & Hylander, W. L. (2003) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.10129 · Cited by 225
Gum arabic glycoprotein contains glycomodules of both extensin and arabinogalactan-glycoproteins
Goodrum, L. J., Patel, A., Leykam, J. F., & Kieliszewski, M. J. (2000) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(00)00043-1 · Cited by 179
Tropical rain-forest : the Leeds symposium
Chadwick, A., & Sutton, S. L. (1984) · Cited by 163
Ziegler, T. E., Savage, A., Scheffler, G., & Snowdon, C. T. (1987) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1095/biolreprod37.3.618 · Cited by 130
Zoo Animals: Behaviour, Management, and Welfare
Hosey, G., Melfi, V., & Pankhurst, S. (2013) · doi:10.1093/hesc/9780199693528.001.0001 · Cited by 125
EDISON-WMW: Exact Dynamic Programing Solution of the Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney Test
Marx, A., Backes, C., Meese, E. U., Lenhof, H., & Keller, A. (2016) · Genomics Proteomics & Bioinformatics · doi:10.1016/j.gpb.2015.11.004 · Cited by 117
Biogeography of the marmosets and tamarins (Callitrichidae)
Buckner, J. C., Alfaro, J. W. L., Rylands, A. B., & Alfaro, M. E. (2014) · Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.04.031 · Cited by 116
Taylor, A. B., & Vinyard, C. J. (2004) · Journal of Morphology · doi:10.1002/jmor.10249 · Cited by 109
Evaluating data from behavioral analysis: visual inspection or statistical models?
Fisch, G. S. (2001) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/s0376-6357(01)00155-3 · Cited by 78
Feeding ecology and behaviour of the genus Saguinus
Garber, P. A. (1993) · Marmosets and Tamarins · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198540229.003.0014 · Cited by 77
Caine, N. G. (1984) · Folia Primatologica · doi:10.1159/000156171 · Cited by 75
Eng, C. M., Ward, S. R., Vinyard, C. J., & Taylor, A. B. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.029983 · Cited by 74
Reproduction and Aging in Marmosets and Tamarins
Tardif, S. D., Araújo, A., Arruda, M. F., French, J. A., de Sousa, M. B. C., & Yamamoto, M. E. (2008) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000137678 · Cited by 70
Characterisation and molecular association of Nigerian and Sudanese Acacia gum exudates
Gashua, I. B., Williams, P. A., Yadav, M. P., & Baldwin, T. C. (2015) · Food Hydrocolloids · doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.05.037 · Cited by 68
Passamani, M., & Rylands, A. B. (2000) · Primates · doi:10.1007/bf02557459 · Cited by 64
Environmental and Social Influences On Autogrooming Behaviour in a Captive Group of Java Monkeys
Troisi, A., & Schino, G. (1987) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853987x00161 · Cited by 62
The Evolution of exudativory in primates
(2011) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.48-3280 · Cited by 59
Menzel, E. W., & Menzel, C. R. (1979) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853979x00089 · Cited by 57
An Artificial “gum‐tree” for marmosets (Callithrix j. jacchus)
McGrew, W. C., Brennan, J. A., & Russell, J. (1986) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.1430050106 · Cited by 55
Social influences on sexual maturation of female Saguinus oedipus oedipus
Tardif, S. D. (1984) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.1350060307 · Cited by 54
The Evolution of Exudativory in Primates
Burrows, A. M., & Nash, L. T. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6661-2 · Cited by 50
An assessment of gum‐based environmental enrichment for captive gummivorous primates
Huber, H. F., & Lewis, K. P. (2010) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.20321 · Cited by 50
Stereotypic Behavior in Nonhuman Primates as a Model for the Human Condition
Lutz, C. K. (2014) · ILAR Journal · doi:10.1093/ilar/ilu016 · Cited by 44
On the possible adaptive value of coprophagy in free-ranging chimpanzees
Krief, S., Jamart, A., & Hladik, C.-M. (2004) · Primates · doi:10.1007/s10329-003-0074-4 · Cited by 41
Environmental enrichment and exploration
Mench, J. (1994) · Cited by 40
(2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-88-470-0605-8_6 · Cited by 40
Spiezio, C., Vaglio, S., Scala, C., & Regaiolli, B. (2017) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2017.07.007 · Cited by 33
Self-citationAnimal-based indicators to assess welfare in zoo animals.
Manteca, X., Amat, M., Salas, M., & Temple, D. (2016) · CABI Reviews · doi:10.1079/pavsnnr201611010 · Cited by 32
Pack, K. S., Henry, O., & Sabatier, D. (1999) · Folia Primatologica · doi:10.1159/000021668 · Cited by 28
A cross-species comparison of abnormal behavior in three species of singly-housed old world monkeys
Lutz, C. K. (2017) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2017.10.010 · Cited by 19
Renner, M. J., Feiner, A. J., Orr, M. G., & Delaney, B. A. (2000) · Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science · doi:10.1207/s15327604jaws0301_3 · Cited by 18
Fontani, S., Vaglio, S., Beghelli, V., Mattioli, M., Bacci, S., & Accorsi, P. A. (2014) · Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science · doi:10.1080/10888705.2014.916173 · Cited by 16
Self-citationLeeds, A., & Lukas, K. E. (2018) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.7120/09627286.27.1.081 · Cited by 16
Thompson, C. L., Valença-Montenegro, M. M., Melo, L. C. D. O., Valle, Y. B. M., de Oliveira, M. A. B., Lucas, P. W., & Vinyard, C. J. (2014) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/jzo.12164 · Cited by 15
Coprophagy in captive brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)
Prates, H. M., & Bicca-Marques, J. C. (2005) · Neotropical Primates · doi:10.1896/1413-4705.13.3.18 · Cited by 10
(1999) · PubMed
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Anderson J. R., 1991, Integration of a tame adult female capuchin monkey (Cebus apella) into a captive group, Primate Report, 31, 87
- Bairrão Ruivo E., 2010, EAZA husbandry guidelines for Callitrichidae
- Coimbra‐Filha A. F., 1977, The biology and conservation of the Callitrichidae, 105
- Groves C., 2001, Primate taxonomy
- Kelly K., 1993, Environmental enrichment for captive wildlife through the simulation of gum feeding, Animal Welfare Information Center Newsletter, 4, 5
- Taylor T. D., 2002, Feeding enrichment for red‐handed tamarins, The Shape of Enrichment: A. Quarterly Source of Ideas for Enrichment, 11, 1
- Vinyard C. J., 2004, Where the wild things are: Linking lab and field work in studying tree gouging in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 38, 200
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Psychological and social well‐being of bony fishes in zoos and aquariums
Oldfield, R. G., & Bonano, P. E. (2022) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.21729 · Cited by 20
Behavioral Implications of Enrichment for Golden Lion Tamarins: A Tool forEx SituConservation
Sanders, K., & Fernandez, E. J. (2020) · Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science · doi:10.1080/10888705.2020.1809413 · Cited by 14
Elwell, E. J., & Vaglio, S. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13101617 · Cited by 7
Self-citationShould Zoo Food Be Chopped for Captive Turacos?
Griffin, B., & Brereton, J. E. (2021) · Birds · doi:10.3390/birds2040031 · Cited by 6
Do not disturb: Visitors' effect on the behavior and welfare of female and male big cats in zoos
Spiezio, C., Galardi, E. G., Sandri, C., & Regaiolli, B. (2023) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.21789 · Cited by 4
Self-citationA Comparative Multi-Zoo Survey Investigating the Housing and Husbandry of Callimico goeldii
Bartlett, A., Brereton, J. E., & Freeman, M. S. (2024) · Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens · doi:10.3390/jzbg5010005 · Cited by 3
Ramírez, M. T. P., Mercado, N. G., Rojas-Ronquillo, R., Zapata, M. A. A., Chi, M. M. O., Brigido, C. D. P., & Tabarez, A. (2023) · Open Journal of Animal Sciences · doi:10.4236/ojas.2023.134035 · Cited by 1
Un homenaje a Carlos Fuentes : sus lectores
Álvarez, A., & Víctor, A. (2000) · DSpace (Universidad Veracruzana)
Nelsey, E., Severino, D. P. C., Aquarium, T., Wilson, S., Aquarium, T., Bell, A. K., Aquarium, T., & Cuculescu‐Santana, M. (2024) · BioShorts. · doi:10.70145/bish0005
Slater, A. (2023) · PEARL (University of Plymouth) · doi:10.24382/5047
Grosdenier, V. (2025) · HAL
The Sensory Ecology of Food Selection by Wild Spider Monkeys in Costa Rica.
Hussein, N. (2026) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.11575/prism/51518
The scent of love: unlocking the power of fertile odour to boost ruffed lemur conservation
Elwell, E., Young, C., Kaburu, S., Palframan, M. J., & Vaglio, S. (2026) · BMC Zoology · doi:10.1186/s40850-026-00287-x
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Regaiolli, B., Angelosante, C., Marliani, G., Accorsi, P. A., Vaglio, S., & Spiezio, C.
- Affiliations
- Department of Research and Conservation Parco Natura Viva ‐ Garda Zoological Park Bussolengo Italy
- University of Bologna (IT)
- University of Wolverhampton (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Vaglio, Stefano
- Venue
- Zoo Biology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2020-01-15
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 73-82
- ISSN
- 0733-3188 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-2361
- OpenAlex
- W2999420074
- Cited by
- 11
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 1.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Zoo Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Wolverhampton Intellectual Repository and E-Theses (University of Wolverhampton) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Keywords
- environmental enrichment, zoo animals, marmoset, tamarins, gum arabic, foraging behavior, species-specific behavior, abnormal behavior, coprophagy, cotton-top tamarin, pygmy marmoset, Geoffroy's marmoset, animal welfare
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animal Husbandry, Animals, Zoo, Behavior, Animal, Callithrix, Feeding Behavior, Female, Gum Arabic, Male, Saguinus, Social Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
