Cited by 391Anesthesia and Sedative AgentsSleep and Wakefulness ResearchAnesthesia and Neurotoxicity Research

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Toward a Unified Theory of Narcosis: Brain Imaging Evidence for a Thalamocortical Switch as the Neurophysiologic Basis of Anesthetic-Induced Unconsciousness

Alkire, M.T., Haier, R.J., Fallon, J.H.·2000·Consciousness and Cognition

DOI 10.1006/ccog.1999.0423

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Abstract

A unifying theory of general anesthetic-induced unconsciousness must explain the common mechanism through which various anesthetic agents produce unconsciousness. Functional-brain-imaging data obtained from 11 volunteers during general anesthesia showed specific suppression of regional thalamic and midbrain reticular formation activity across two different commonly used volatile agents. These findings are discussed in relation to findings from sleep neurophysiology and the implications of this work for consciousness research. It is hypothesized that the essential common neurophysiologic mechanism underlying anesthetic-induced unconsciousness is, as with sleep-induced unconsciousness, a hyperpolarization block of thalamocortical neurons. A model of anesthetic-induced unconsciousness is introduced to explain how the plethora of effects anesthetics have on cellular functioning ultimately all converge on a single neuroanatomic/neurophysiologic system, thus providing for a unitary physiologic theory of narcosis related to consciousness.

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Authors: Alkire, M. T., Haier, R. J., & Fallon, J. H.
Affiliations: University of California, Irvine (US)
Corresponding author: Alkire, M.T.
Venue: Consciousness and Cognition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2000-09
Volume: 9
Issue: 3
Pages: 370-386
ISSN: 1053-8100 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1006/ccog.1999.0423
OpenAlex: W1990752984
Cited by: 391
References: 54
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 19
FWCI: 14.01
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Consciousness and Cognition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Anesthesia and Sedative Agents
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Anesthesia and Neurotoxicity Research
Keywords: general anesthesia, anesthetic-induced unconsciousness, narcosis, thalamocortical neurons, thalamus, midbrain reticular formation, consciousness, sleep, volatile anesthetics
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Anesthesia, General, Cerebral Cortex, Energy Metabolism, Female, Halothane, Humans, Isoflurane, Male, Mesencephalon, Neural Pathways, Reticular Formation, Thalamus, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Unconsciousness, Anesthetics, Inhalation, Fluorodeoxyglucose F18

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Toward a Unified Theory of Narcosis: Brain Imaging Evidence for a Thalamocortical Switch as the Neurophysiologic Basis of Anesthetic-Induced Unconsciousness

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