What determines growth direction in fungal hyphae?
Abstract
We used high-resolution video microscopy and image analysis to map the trajectory of the Spitzenkörper in growing hyphae of Neurospora crassa and to correlate it with growth directionality. The Spitzenkörper followed a tortuous trajectory produced by a dominant forward motion accompanied by frequent, transverse oscillations. In hyphae with a fixed growth direction, the regression line of the Spitzenkörper trajectory corresponded to the longitudinal axis of the hypha. A permanent change in growth direction, i.e., the establishment of a new growth axis, was correlated with a sustained shift in Spitzenkörper trajectory away from the existing cell axis. In meandering hyphae, changes in growth directionality occurred somewhat erratically but there was a strong compensatory tendency reversing directional shifts and maintaining an overall fixed direction of growth. Although external factors greatly affect hyphal growth direction (tropisms), they are probably not the primary determinants of growth directionality. Inhibitors of microtubules, but not of actin microfilaments, caused hyphae to lose their growth directionality-providing support for the idea that Spitzenkörper trajectory is determined internally by a growing scaffolding of cytoplasmic microtubules. The meandering morphology of N. crassa hyphae was duplicated by computer simulation in support of the idea that hyphal morphogenesis is controlled by the position of the Spitzenkörper functioning as a vesicle supply center.
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At the apex of hyphae in filamentous fungi, the Spitzenkörper is an accumulation of vesicles that is critical for growth directionality.
“At the apex of hyphae in filamentous fungi, the Spitzenkörper is an accumulation of vesicles that is critical for growth directionality [50],[51].”
From A Sterol-Regulatory Element Binding Protein Is Required for Cell Polarity, Hypoxia Adaptation, Azole Drug Resistance, and Virulence in Aspergillus fumigatus (2008) · cites this paper as [50]
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- Authors
- Riquelme, M., Reynaga-Peña, C. G., Gierz, G., & Bartnicki-Garcı́a, S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Riverside (US)
- ORCID
- Riquelme, Meritxell
- Venue
- Fungal Genetics and Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1998-06
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 101-109
- ISSN
- 1087-1845 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2010802329
- Cited by
- 207
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Fungal Genetics and Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (1r01gm048257-01)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM-48257)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular Mechanics and Interactions
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases
- Keywords
- Spitzenkörper, Neurospora crassa, hyphal morphogenesis, microtubules, F-actin, hyphal tip growth
- MeSH terms
- Computer Simulation, Cytoskeleton, Fungi, Neurospora crassa, Microscopy, Video
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