Cited by 796Stress Responses and CortisolRegulation of Appetite and ObesityAdrenal Hormones and Disorders

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Feast and Famine: Critical Role of Glucocorticoids with Insulin in Daily Energy Flow

Dallman, Mary F., Strack, Alison M., Akana, Susan F., Bradbury, Margaret J., Hanson, Edward S., Scribner, Karen A., Smith, Michael·1993·Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology

DOI 10.1006/frne.1993.1010

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Abstract

The hypothesis proposed in this review is that normal diurnal rhythms in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are highly regulated by activity in medial hypothalamic nuclei to effect an interaction between corticosteroids and insulin such that optimal metabolism results in response to changes in the fed or fasted state of the animal. There are marked diurnal rhythms in function of the HPA axis under both basal and stress conditions. The HPA axis controls corticosteroid output from the adrenal and, in turn, forward elements of this axis are inhibited by feedback from circulating plasma corticosteroid levels. Basal activity in the HPA axis of mammals fed ad lib peaks about 2 h before the peak of the diurnal feeding rhythm, and is controlled by input from the suprachiasmatic nuclei. The rhythm in stress responsiveness is lowest at the time of the basal peak and highest at the time of the basal trough in the HPA axis activity. There are also diurnal rhythms in corticosteroid feedback sensitivity of basal and stress-induced ACTH secretion which peak at the time of the basal trough. These rhythms are all overridden when feeding, and thus insulin secretion, is disrupted. Corticosteroids interact with insulin on food intake and body composition, and corticosteroids also increase insulin secretion. Corticosteroids stimulate feeding at low doses but inhibit it at high doses; however, it is the high levels of insulin, induced by high levels of corticosteroids, that may inhibit feeding. The effects of corticosteroids on liver, fat, and muscle cell metabolism, with emphasis on their interactions with insulin, are briefly reviewed. Corticosteroids both synergize with and antagonize the effects of insulin. The effects of stress hormones, and their interactions with insulin on lipid and protein metabolism, followed by some of the metabolic effects of injury stress, with or without nutritional support, are evaluated. In the presence of elevated insulin stimulated by glucocorticoids and nutrition, stress causes less severe catabolic effects. In the central nervous system, regulation of function in the HPA axis is clearly affected by the activity of medial hypothalamic nuclei that also alter feeding, metabolism, and obesity in rats. Lesions of the arcuate (ARC) and ventromedial (VMN) paraventricular (PVN) nuclei result in obesity and hyperactivity in the HPA axis. Moreover, adrenalectomy inhibits or prevents development of the lesion-induced obesity. There are interactions among these nuclei; one mode of communication is via inputs of neuropeptide Y (NPY) cells in the ARC to the VMN, dorsomedial nuclei, and PVN.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Adipose Tissue Deficiency and Chronic Inflammation in Diabetic Goto-Kakizaki Rats
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Glucocorticoid Replacement, but not Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Deficiency, Prevents Adrenalectomy-Induced Anorexia in Mice
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BackgroundInfluential
Effects of reproductive status on behavioral and endocrine responses to acute stress in a biparental rodent, the California mouse (Peromyscus californicus)
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Influence of Short-Term Glucocorticoid Therapy on Regulatory T Cells In Vivo
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BackgroundInfluential
Regulation of the Spatiotemporal Pattern of Expression of the Glutamine Synthetase Gene
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BackgroundInfluential
Clamped Corticosterone (B) Reveals the Effect of Endogenous B on Both Facilitated Responsivity to Acute Restraint and Metabolic Responses to Chronic Stress
Akana, S. F., Hanson, E. S., Horsley, C. J., Strack, A. M., Bhatnagar, S., BRADBURY, M. J., Milligan, E. D., & Dallman, M. F. (1996) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253899609001094 · Cited by 47
Self-citation

Authors: Dallman, M. F., Strack, A. M., Akana, S. F., Bradbury, M. J., Hanson, E. S., Scribner, K. A., & Smith, M.
Affiliations: University of California, San Francisco (US)
ORCID: Bradbury, Margaret J.
Smith, Michael
Venue: Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1993-10
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Pages: 303-347
ISSN: 0091-3022 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1006/frne.1993.1010
OpenAlex: W1971922927
Cited by: 796
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 33
FWCI: 6.82
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK28172)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
Keywords: glucocorticoids, insulin, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, diurnal cycle, feeding behavior, stress hormones, corticosteroid feedback, ACTH secretion, arcuate nucleus, neuropeptide Y, obesity, energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, protein metabolism, catabolism, adrenalectomy, body composition
MeSH terms: Animals, Circadian Rhythm, Eating, Energy Metabolism, Fasting, Feeding Behavior, Glucocorticoids, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Insulin, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Stress, Physiological, Rats

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Feast and Famine: Critical Role of Glucocorticoids with Insulin in Daily Energy Flow

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