Cited by 557Stress Responses and CortisolAdrenal Hormones and DisordersNeuropeptides and Animal Physiology

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Regulation of Pituitary ACTH Secretion during Chronic Stress

Aguilera, Greti·1994·Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology

DOI 10.1006/frne.1994.1013

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Abstract

Maintenance of adequate levels of response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis during chronic stress is important for survival. Three basic patterns of response can be identified depending on the type of stress: (a) desensitization of ACTH responses to the sustained stimulus, but hyperresponsiveness to a novel stress despite elevated plasma glucocorticoid levels, as occurs in physical-psychological paradigms; (b) no desensitization of ACTH response to the repeated stimulus and hyperresponsiveness to a novel stress, as occurs during repeated painful stress and insulin hypoglycemia; and (c) small and transient increases in ACTH, but sustained elevations of plasma corticosterone and diminished ACTH responses. The level of response of the pituitary corticotroph is determined by differential regulation of the hypothalamic regulators, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and vasopressin (VP), and the sensitivity of the negative glucocorticoid feedback. While osmotic stimulation increases VP expression in magnocellular neurons of the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus, chronic stress paradigms with high pituitary responsiveness are associated with activation of CRH and CRH/VP parvicellular neurons of the PVN, predominantly of the VP-containing population. While moderate increase of CRH output is important for stimulation of POMC transcription, the increase of the VP:CRH secretion ratio appears to be important in maintaining the secretory capacity of the pituitary corticotroph during chronic stimulation. Decreased sensitivity of the glucocorticoid feedback, probably due to interaction of glucocorticoid receptors with transcription factors induced by CRH and VP, is critical for the maintenance of ACTH responses in the presence of elevated plasma glucocorticoid levels during chronic stress. Although both CRH and VP receptors are activated and undergo regulatory variations during chronic stress, only the changes in VP receptor levels are parallel to the changes in pituitary ACTH responsiveness. The inhibitory effect of chronic osmotic stimulation on ACTH secretion in spite of high circulating levels of VP is probably the result of diminished activity of parvicellular PVN neurons and downregulation of pituitary VP receptors. Although the exact interaction between regulatory factors and the molecular mechanisms controlling the sensitivity of the corticotroph during adaptation to chronic stress remain to be determined, it is clear that regulation of the proportional secretion of CRH and VP in the PVN, modulation of pituitary VP receptors, and the sensitivity to feedback inhibition play a critical role.

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“An extended maternal separation (SM) is enough to increase the ACTH and corticosterone levels, especially when the studied rat is aged 07 days (Aguilera 1994).”
Background
The Endocrine Response to Stress
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Self-citation
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Stress-induced neuronal hypertrophy decreases the intrinsic excitability in stress habituationPreprint
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ACTH
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“The regulation of ACTH synthesis and secretion is multifactorial, involving the stimulatory effect of the neuropeptides, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and vasopressin (VP), produced by parvocellular neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and negative feedback by glucocorticoids ( Aguilera 19…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Análise da expressão das proteínas dos genes de resposta primária, proteínas da família Fos e Jun, em culturas primárias de supra-renal de rato tratadas com ACTH e FGF2.
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“…de corticosteróides naturais ou dexametasona, um corticosteróide sintético presente na corrente sanguínea, de maneira que, por efeito de uma retroalimentação negativa, este corticosteróide chega ao hipotálamo e a adeno-hipófise e inibe a produção, respectivamente, do CRF e do ACTH (AGUILERA, 1994).”
Background
Aspectos Comportamentais e Moleculares da Sensibilização Cruzada entre Estresse e Cocaina.
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BackgroundResultInfluential
Cortisol, resposta glicêmica e secreção de insulina em equinos clinicamente sadios submetidos a sessões de hipóxia normobárica
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Effect of hormonal interaction on desensitization of the adrenocorticotropin response to arginine vasopressin in ovine anterior pituitary cells
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Authors: Aguilera, G.
Affiliations: National Institutes of Health (US)
Corresponding author: Aguilera, Greti
Venue: Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1994-12
Volume: 15
Issue: 4
Pages: 321-350
ISSN: 0091-3022 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1006/frne.1994.1013
OpenAlex: W2031934304
Cited by: 557
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 5.50
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
Keywords: ACTH secretion, chronic stress, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, corticotropin-releasing factor, vasopressin, corticotrophs, glucocorticoid negative feedback, paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, osmotic stimulation, glucocorticoid receptor, stress adaptation, corticosterone, insulin-induced hypoglycemia
MeSH terms: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Animals, Corticosterone, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Glucocorticoids, Homeostasis, Humans, Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, Stress, Physiological, Vasopressins

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Regulation of Pituitary ACTH Secretion during Chronic Stress

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