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Personality, peer relations, and self-confidence as predictors of happiness and loneliness
Abstract
This study is set out to examine to what extent peer relations, self-confidence, and school performance correlated with self-rated happiness (OHI) and loneliness (UCLA LS) in adolescents. Personality traits (EPQ), self-confidence (PEI), friendship and school grades were all significantly oppositely correlated with happiness and loneliness. Regressional analysis revealed that extraversion and neuroticism were direct predictors of happiness and self-confidence, while psychoticism and extraversion were direct predictors of loneliness. The effect of sex on happiness and loneliness was moderated by friendship and neuroticism, and by neuroticism and psychoticism, respectively. Extraversion was also a significant predictor of general confidence and social interactions which directly influenced loneliness whilst psychoticism was a direct predictor of loneliness. Self-rated school performance was the only direct predictor of happiness whereas general confidence and social interactions were related to adolescents' self-reported loneliness.
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“Loneliness is often considered a specific form of emotional distress, whereas negative affect is considered to be a more general form”
From Adolescent Loneliness and Negative Affect during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Extraversion and Neuroticism (2023) · cites this paper as Cheng & Furnham, 2002
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Items 101–200 of 350
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“…or adolescent social withdrawal, loneliness, low self-esteem, victimization (particularly bullying), aggression, or other forms of peer rejection (Cheng & Furnham, 2002; Graziano, Jensen-Campbell, & Hair, 1996; Jensen-Campbell,Adams, Perry, & Workman, 2002; Jensen-Campbell, Graziano, & Hair,…”
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“Additionally, relevant studies were mainly carried out among the young adults [17], school students [9,10], and the elderly [3,16].”
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BackgroundHappiness Level of Teachers and Analyzing its Relation with Some Variables
Mertoğlu, M. (2018) · Asian Journal of Education and Training · doi:10.20448/journal.522.2018.44.396.402 · Cited by 20
“Research showing that there are significant relationships between students' happiness and academic achievement suggest that being happy plays an important role in academic achievement (Huebner, 1991; Huebner and Alderman, 1993; Cheng and Furnham, 2002).”
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Mertoğlu, M. (2020) · Journal of Education and Training Studies · doi:10.11114/jets.v8i3.4674 · Cited by 19
“Studies showing a significant correlation between a student's subjective well-being and academic achievement at school cannot determine whether the student is happy because they are successful, or they are successful because they are happy (Cheng & Furnham, 2002; Huebner & Alderman, 1993).”
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“This finding is consistent with previous research where self-confidence is believed to correlate with the concept of locus of control ( self factor ) (e.g., Madell & Muncer, 2006; Sheeks & Birchmeier, 2007) and making friends with peers ( social factor ) (e.g., Antonio, 2004; Cheng & Furnham, 2002).”
ResultGolde, S., Romund, L., Lorenz, R. C., Pelz, P., Gleich, T., Beck, A., & Raufelder, D. (2018) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12433 · Cited by 17
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“Adults with friends have been found more likely to be happy (Myers, 2000), as are adolescents who report interpersonal attraction and liking of their peers (Cheng & Furnham, 2002).”
BackgroundSelf-Construal, Social Support, and Loneliness in Japan
Taniguchi, H., & Kaufman, G. (2018) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-018-9636-x · Cited by 19
“Finally, extraversion personality is included as a reliable negative predictor of loneliness as well as a close correlate of independence (Cheng and Furnham 2002).”
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Gupta, R., Banerjee, P., & Gaur, J. (2015) · The Qualitative Report · doi:10.46743/2160-3715/2012.1712 · Cited by 16
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Vakoufari, M., Angelaki, C., & Mavroidis, I. (2015) · European Journal of Open Distance and E-Learning · doi:10.2478/eurodl-2014-0022 · Cited by 18
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BackgroundLoneliness and Cognitive Distortions Among Adolescents
KILIÇ, H. (2002) · Ankara Universitesi Egitim Bilimleri Fakultesi Dergisi · doi:10.1501/egifak_0000000114 · Cited by 16
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“In the empirical literature, personality characteristics associated with higher degrees of loneliness are social anxiety, introversion (Cheng & Furnham, 2002), pessimism, low self-esteem (Hawkley, 2015) and low levels of mastery (Nicolaisen & Thorsen 2012).”
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“It was surprising that close friendships was not significant, as other studies have found many females derive happiness from their friendships [24, 42] and perceive close friends as important for this sense of self regardless of motor competence [24].”
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Leite, Â. M. T., Sousa, H. F. P. E., Vidal, D. G., & Dinis, M. A. P. (2019) · International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology · doi:10.1080/13504509.2019.1708509 · Cited by 15
“Extraversion and neuroticism were direct predictors of happiness (Cheng and Furnham 2002).”
BackgroundÖnder, İ. (2020) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291016.2020.1848266 · Cited by 14
“Existing research presents a positive relationship between happiness and academic achievement (Cheng and Furnham 2002; Bukhari and Khanam 2017).”
BackgroundWieczorek, L. L., Humberg, S., Gerstorf, D., & Wagner, J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182312412 · Cited by 21
Being unempathic will make your loved ones feel lonelier: Loneliness in an evolutionary perspective
Tejada, A. H., Lena, M. M.-L., & Dunbar, R. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.042 · Cited by 16
“Some studies have found correlations between the latter and trait empathy (Beadle, Brown, Keady, Tranel, & Paradiso, 2010), extraversion, self-confidence, neuroticism, and psychoticism (Cheng & Furnham, 2002).”
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Yurcu, G., & Kocakula, Ö. (2015) · Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi · doi:10.30803/adusobed.188839 · Cited by 14
Academic correlates of Taiwanese senior high school students' happiness.
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Personality and motivational characteristics of the successful mentor
Lima, L. (2004) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 15
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Diaconu‐Gherasim, L. R., & Mardari, C. R. (2021) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-021-00390-5 · Cited by 15
“Previous studies indicate that the scale is consistently correlated with adolescents’ self‑confidence, externalizing behaviors or social skills (e.g., Cheng & Furnham, 2002; Garaigordobil, 2015).”
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Developing The Adolescent Happiness Scale: Validity and reliability study
Işık, Ş., & Atalay, N. Ü. (2019) · Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction · doi:10.14527/pegegog.2019.022 · Cited by 13
“…Huebner & Suldo, 2002), yaşam coşkusu, şükran, umut ve sevgi karakter güçleri (Cihangir Çankaya & Meydan, 2018; Park & Peterson, 2008), özsaygı (Cheng & Furnham, 2002; Huebner, Gilman & Laughlin, 1999; Tagay & Baltacı, 2017; Tonga & Halisdemir, 2017), ebeveynlerle kurulan nitelikli ilişki…”
The Big Five Personality Traits as Predictors of Loneliness among Older Men in Israel
Itzick, M., Kagan, M., & Zychlinski, E. (2019) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2019.1653250 · Cited by 16
“This finding is inconsistent with other studies (e.g., Cheng & Furnham, 2002; Iwasa et al., 2008), which found that people with high levels of extraversion and conscientiousness are more likely to engage in healthy behaviors such as regular exercise, better adherence to medical recommendations, and…”
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“Although initial research did not find any link (Huebner 1991; Huebner and Alderman 1993), other studies found a significant positive relationship (Cheng and Furnham 2002; McCullough et al.”
ResultMarjanović, Z. J., Dimitrijević, A. A., Protić, S., & Navas, J. M. M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182413166 · Cited by 16
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““typical” are happy and doing well, and on elucidating the factors that lead to their happiness and well-being (Cheng and Furnham 2002; Diener and Seligman 2002; Gamble and Gärling 2012; Tkach and Lyubormirsky 2006), while research on people with disabilities or developmental disorders such as those with autism spectr…”
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“The de fi ciency in peer relationships a ff ects the self-con fi dence of an individual, which could result into loneliness, and further, even a decline in academic performance (Gorsy and Pawar 2015; Cheng and Furnham 2002).”
Acculturation, adaptation, and loneliness among Cape Verdean immigrants
Neto, J., Quintana‐Orts, C., & Neto, F. F. M. (2022) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2022.01.013 · Cited by 15
Cross-sex Friendship and Happiness
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“One explanation for why an underinvestment in time spent with friends is linked to poorer romantic relationship quality may be that less engagement with others increases risk of negative emotional states, particularly loneliness and isolation (Cheng & Furnham, 2002).”
BackgroundA saúde do adolescente: O que se sabe e quais são os novos desafios
de Matos, M. G. (2012) · Análise Psicológica · doi:10.14417/ap.492 · Cited by 11
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“Furthermore, a significant correlation between loneliness and personality traits has been revealed (Buecker et al., 2020; Cheng & Furnham, 2002; Gerino et al., 2017; Hensley et al., 2012; Teppers et al., 2013; Vanhalst et al., 2012); a large number of studies has suggested the protective effect of…”
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“그 외 통제변수 중 행복감과의 관계가 유의한 것으로 나타 난변수는 남학생이여학생보다 행복하다고 느낄 가능성이증 가하였고 이는 기존 연구 와 일치하는 결과였으며 성적 , [23] , 이 좋은 경우 그리고 경제수준이 높은 경우 행복하다고 느낄 , 가능성이 증가하는 것도 기존 연구와 일치하는 결과였다 그 외 학년의 경우 고등학교 학년에 비해 저학년에 [23,24].”
Lyon, T. A. (2015) · SEU FIRE Scholars (Southeastern University) · Cited by 8
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de Sonora, U., Romero, J. C. G., & Lever, J. P. (2016) · Universidad de Sonora/Qartuppi eBooks · doi:10.29410/qtp.16.09 · Cited by 11
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“Yang (Yang, 2016) found that higher loneliness, which is related to lower extraversion (Cheng and Furnham, 2002), was associated to increased photograph and video sharing on Instagram.”
BackgroundMÜRTEZAOĞLU, Ç., & Çıkrıkçı, Ö. (2022) · Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17556/erziefd.1103962 · Cited by 7
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“Furthermore, personality is also associated with the pursuit of happiness [20], and may be used as a predictor of happiness [2].”
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“Loneliness is often considered a specific form of emotional distress, whereas negative affect is considered to be a more general form (Cheng & Furnham, 2002; Spithoven et al., 2017).”
BackgroundPre-pandemic Psychobiological Features Predict Impact of COVID-19 Confinement on Loneliness
Baliyan, S., Cimadevilla, J. M., Pulopulos, M. M., Castillejo, L., Sandi, C., & Venero, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.874232 · Cited by 6
“Cheng and Furnham (2002) showed how Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 7 April 2022 | Volume 13 | Article 874232 extraversion had direct and indirect effects on loneliness, while Mund and Neyer (2016) carried out a 15-year longitudinal study to show loneliness predicted future…”
BackgroundIzzo, F., Saija, E., Pallini, S., Ioverno, S., Baiocco, R., & Pistella, J. (2024) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-024-10113-w · Cited by 6
“Peer relationships are essential in adolescence, providing social support and opportunities to share interests and joint activities (Cheng & Furnham, 2002).”
Zhang, H., Dai, Y., & Liu, H. (2021) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440211054482 · Cited by 6
“Moreover, good English proficiency may improve self-confidence and self-efficacy, both of which are positively related to leisure satisfaction and happiness (Caprara et al., 2006; Cheng & Furnham, 2002).”
BackgroundDemır, M., Achoui, M. M., & Šimonek, J. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9603-3_18 · Cited by 6
Moghanloo, M., & Aguilar-Vafaie, M. (2009) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology · Cited by 6
Percepción de soledad en la mujer
Zapata, P. C. R., & Arredondo, N. H. L. (2012) · El Ágora USB · doi:10.21500/16578031.229 · Cited by 6
Hearon, B. V. (2017) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 6
Are Canadian adolescents happy? A gender-based analysis of a nationally representative survey
Weaver, R. D., & Habibov, N. (2010) · Cited by 6
Guérin, E., Arcand, I., & Durand‐Bush, N. (2014) · The Qualitative Report · doi:10.46743/2160-3715/2010.1330 · Cited by 6
School's out: Adolescent 'leisure time' activities, influences and consequences
Fawcett, L. M. (2007) · Australasian Journal of Paramedicine · Cited by 6
Rossetti, Z. (2024) · Remedial and Special Education · doi:10.1177/07419325231221215 · Cited by 5
“First, friendship results in emotional well-being, a sense of belonging, fewer depressive symptoms, and greater social adjustment (Berndt, 2004; Cheng & Furnham, 2002; Waldrip et al., 2008).”
Sosyal Duygusal Yeterlik Anketi’nin (SDYA) Türkçe’ye Adaptasyonu: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması
EKŞİ, H., TUNCER, E., & Avcu, A. (2019) · Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.15285/maruaebd.586819 · Cited by 5
Bonomo, L. M. M., García, A., & Rossetti, C. B. (2009) · Americanae (AECID Library) · Cited by 5
Pavlović, M., Žunić‐Pavlović, V., & Glumbić, N. (2017) · Nastava i vaspitanje · doi:10.5937/nasvas1702289p · Cited by 5
“…on the higher level of attachment (Laible et al., 2000; Muris et al., 2003) and perceived social support (Hogan et al., 2010; Malecki & Demaray, 2002), as well as the lower level of loneliness (Cheng & Furnham, 2002; Chipuer & Pretty, 2007) in girls compared to boys from the typical population.”
BackgroundSelecting Appropriate Happiness Measures and Malleability: A Review
Azzatunnisak, M. N., Roseliza-Murni, A., Manap, J., & Hoesni, S. M. (2017) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v7-i11/3547 · Cited by 5
A study of micro-augmentations
Alachouzakis, K., Veneris, N.-D., Kavvadias, S., Antoniou, A., & Lepouras, G. (2018) · Panhellenic Conference on Informatics · doi:10.1145/3291533.3291582 · Cited by 5
“…resulted in experiencing different emotions [16], it is expected here that visual micro-augmentations will induce certain emotions, like happiness [32,33], pride [34], relaxation [35,36], anger [37], stress [38], shyness [39], helplessness [40], boredom [41], curiosity [42] for people of…”
BackgroundSever, E., & Paksoy, M. (2019) · Opus uluslararası toplum araştırmaları dergisi · doi:10.26466/opus.584629 · Cited by 5
“In the literature, there are many studies examining the relationship between personality traits and loneliness in business life (Levin and Stokes, 1986; Bell et al., 1990; Cheng and Furnham, 2002; Özçelik and Barsade, 2011; Zhou, 2018).”
BackgroundIntroversion and the Use of Parasocial Interaction to Satisfy Belongingness Needs
Jarzyna, C. L. (2012) · Loyola eCommons (Loyola University of Chicago) · Cited by 5
Sagone, E., & Caroli, M. E. D. (2013) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.236 · Cited by 5
Akdoğan, R., Aydın, M., & Eken, H. (2018) · The Journal of Individual Psychology · doi:10.1353/jip.2018.0006 · Cited by 5
How does pupils’ emotional coping develop within learning situations during primary school years?
Peltokorpi, E.-L., & Määttä, K. (2011) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.v7i2.131 · Cited by 5
Datu, J. A. D. (2013) · Journal of Asia Pacific Counseling · doi:10.18401/2013.3.2.2 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- CHENG, H., & FURNHAM, A.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Adolescence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-06
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 327-339
- ISSN
- 0140-1971 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1998254826
- Cited by
- 349
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 3.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Adolescence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- happiness, loneliness, adolescents, personality traits, extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism, self-confidence, peer relationships, friendship, academic performance, sex differences, social interaction
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Analysis of Variance, Female, United Kingdom, Happiness, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Loneliness, Male, Personality, Regression Analysis, Self Concept, Sex Factors
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