The DOI matches its Crossref record; 78 of the 83 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Phonological Recoding and Orthographic Learning: A Direct Test of the Self-Teaching Hypothesis
Abstract
According to the self-teaching hypothesis (Share, 1995), word-specific orthographic representations are acquired primarily as a result of the self-teaching opportunities provided by the phonological recoding of novel letter strings. This hypothesis was tested by asking normal second graders to read aloud short texts containing embedded pseudoword targets. Three days later, target spellings were correctly identified more often, named more quickly, and spelled more accurately than alternate homophonic spellings. Experiment 2 examined whether this rapid orthographic learning can be attributed to mere visual exposure to target strings. It was found that viewing the target letter strings under conditions designed to minimize phonological processing significantly attenuated orthographic learning. Experiment 3 went on to show that this reduced orthographic learning was not attributable to alternative nonphonological factors (brief exposure durations or decontextualized presentation). The results of a fourth experiment suggested that the contribution of pure visual exposure to orthographic learning is marginal. It was concluded that phonological recoding is critical to the acquisition of word-specific orthographic representations as proposed by the self-teaching hypothesis.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Such findings suggest that successful mastery of graphemephonemeconversion (i.e. decoding) is a critical precursor to the development of the adult-like response properties of the VWFA.”
From The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus (2003) · cites this paper as [37]
Citations
Cites
Handbook of research on teaching
Wittrock, M. C. (1986) · Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec (Québec government) · Cited by 10,630
The nature of phonological processing and its causal role in the acquisition of reading skills
Wagner, R. K., & Torgesen, J. K. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.192 · Cited by 3,303
Categorizing sounds and learning to read—a causal connection
Bradley, L., & Bryant, P. (1983) · Nature · doi:10.1038/301419a0 · Cited by 3,093
Understanding normal and impaired word reading: Computational principles in quasi-regular domains.
Plaut, D. C., McClelland, J. L., Seidenberg, M. S., & Patterson, K. (1996) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.103.1.56 · Cited by 2,698
Phonological recoding and self-teaching: sine qua non of reading acquisition
Share, D. L. (1995) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(94)00645-2 · Cited by 2,352
Self-citationReading Research Advances in Theory and Practice
Besner, D., Waller, T. G., & MacKinnon, G. E. (1985) · Cited by 1,618
Phonological skills and learning to read
Goswami, U. (1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-5374 · Cited by 1,492
Cognitive processes in spelling
Muter, V. (1981) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(81)90066-8 · Cited by 1,082
Exposure to Print and Orthographic Processing
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (1989) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.2307/747605 · Cited by 986
Growth in Reading and How Children Spend Their Time Outside of School
Anderson, R. C., Wilson, P. T., & Fielding, L. G. (1988) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1598/rrq.23.3.2 · Cited by 935
Flagged first, then by citations
5 of the 83 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Share, 1987, Segmental analysis: Co-requisite to reading, vital for self-teaching, requiring phonological memory, European Bulletin of Cognitive Psychology, 7, 509
- Share, 1995, Cognitive processes in early reading development: Accommodating individual differences into a model of acquisition, Issues in Education, 1, 1
- Solberg, 1979, Preliminary steps towards an Israeli standardization of the Peabody Test, Megamot, 3, 407
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 737
TURAN, S. F. (2012) · Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi · doi:10.1501/ozlegt_0000000170 · Cited by 10
Testing the self-teaching hypothesis in second language reading
Chung, S. C., Chen, X., Commissaire, É., Krenca, K., & Deacon, S. H. (2019) · Writing Systems Research · doi:10.1080/17586801.2019.1625478 · Cited by 10
Phonological awareness in kindergarten: a field study in Luxembourgish schools
Bodé, S., & Content, A. (2010) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-010-0039-0 · Cited by 10
Largy, P., Cousin, M.-P., Dédéyan, A., & Fayol, M. (2004) · Revue française de pédagogie · doi:10.3406/rfp.2004.3248 · Cited by 10
Ouellette, G. P., & van Daal, V. H. P. (2017) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2016.1254635 · Cited by 10
Steinhilber, A., Diard, J., Ginestet, É., & Valdois, S. (2023) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2023.108211 · Cited by 9
Larionova, E. V., Rebreikina, A. B., & Martynova, O. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-58219-z · Cited by 9
Reading and spelling in adults: are there lexical and sub‐lexical subtypes?
Burt, J. S., & Heffernan, M. (2010) · Journal of Research in Reading · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9817.2010.01455.x · Cited by 9
Sauval, K., Perre, L., & Casalis, S. (2016) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-016-9662-8 · Cited by 9
RAN and orthographic processing: What can syllable frequency tell us about this relationship?
Onochie-Quintanilla, E., Defior, S., & Simpson, I. C. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2019.01.002 · Cited by 9
Schiff, R., Rosenstock, S., & Ravid, D. D. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00868 · Cited by 9
Tibi, S., Fitton, L., & McIlraith, A. L. (2021) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716421000035 · Cited by 9
Learning new words by reading books: Does semantic information help?
Smejkalova, A., & Chetail, F. (2022) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218221095735 · Cited by 9
Fu, Y., Margaretto, B. B., Beltrán, D., Wang, H., & Domı́nguez, A. (2023) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263123000426 · Cited by 9
Howland, K. A., & Liederman, J. (2012) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2012/11-0252 · Cited by 9
Using the MULTILIT literacy instruction program with children who have Down syndrome
Lim, L., Arciuli, J., Munro, N., & Cupples, L. (2019) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-019-09945-8 · Cited by 9
Beginners remember orthography when they learn to read words: The case of doubled letters
WRIGHT, D.-M., & Ehri, L. C. (2007) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716407070063 · Cited by 9
Castles, A. E., & Nation, K. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119705116.ch7 · Cited by 9
Ardanouy, E., Lefèvre, É., Delage, H., & Zesiger, P. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2024.105963 · Cited by 8
Alphabet Knowledge Trajectories and U.S. Children’s Later Reading and Spelling
Piasta, S. B., Hudson, A. K., Logan, J. A. R., Lewis, K., & Zettler‐Greeley, C. M. (2025) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2025.2481064 · Cited by 8
Phonology-independent general orthographic knowledge
Kemény, F., & Landerl, K. (2021) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218211018438 · Cited by 8
Damera, S. R., Malone, P. S., Stevens, B. W., Klein, R., Eberhardt, S. P., Auer, E. T., Bernstein, L. E., & Riesenhuber, M. (2023) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1710-22.2023 · Cited by 9
Ballot, C., & Zesiger, P. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2024.105912 · Cited by 8
Deacon, S. H., Mimeau, C., Levesque, K., & Ricketts, J. (2024) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0001749 · Cited by 8
Effects of punctuation on the processing of temporarily ambiguous sentences in Japanese
Niikuni, K., & Muramoto, T. (2014) · Japanese Psychological Research · doi:10.1111/jpr.12052 · Cited by 8
Burt, J. S., & Long, J. (2011) · Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale · doi:10.1037/a0023708 · Cited by 8
Phonological memory updating and developmental dyslexia: The role of long-term knowledge
Artuso, C., Borgatti, R., & Palladino, P. (2021) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2021.1888907 · Cited by 8
Sensitivity to rime unit frequency and children's early word‐reading strategies
Coyne, E., Farrington‐Flint, L., Underwood, J., & Stiller, J. (2011) · Journal of Research in Reading · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9817.2010.01474.x · Cited by 8
Abadzi, H., & Prouty, R. (2012) · International Forum Journal · doi:10.63201/frbz8393 · Cited by 8
Semantic and phonological influences on visual word learning in a transparent language
Suárez‐Coalla, P., & Cuetos, F. (2016) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2016.1164733 · Cited by 8
Chen, Y., Liu, H., Yu, M., & Dang, J. (2019) · Lingua · doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2019.102777 · Cited by 8
Lexical and sublexical orthographic knowledge: relationships in an orthography of intermediate depth
Querido, L., Fernandes, S., Verhaeghe, A., & Marques, C. M. V. A. (2020) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-020-10052-2 · Cited by 8
Gissel, S. T., & Andersen, S. C. (2020) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12488 · Cited by 8
Orthography and speech production in children with good or poor reading skills
Saletta, M. (2019) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716419000055 · Cited by 8
Miller, P. (2004) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-004-2656-y · Cited by 8
Rothe, J., Darcourt, A., Moll, K., Schulte‐Körne, G., & Schmalz, X. (2024) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2024.2352402 · Cited by 7
Heß, J., Karageorgos, P., Müller, B., Riedmann, A., Schäper, P., Lugrin, B., & Richter, T. (2024) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.13021 · Cited by 7
Overby, M. S., Masterson, J. J., & Preston, J. L. (2015) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2015_jslhr-s-14-0276 · Cited by 7
La mémorisation de l’orthographe des mots lus en CM2 : effet du traitement visuel simultané
Chaves, N., Combes, C., Largy, P., & Bosse, M. (2012) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.4074/s0003503312002011 · Cited by 7
Learning Orthographic and Semantic Representations Simultaneously During Shared Reading
Shakory, S., Chen, X., & Deacon, S. H. (2021) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00520 · Cited by 7
Chen, Y.-J., Chen, Y.-H., Anthony, J. L., & Erazo, N. A. (2022) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/07342829211056396 · Cited by 7
Vilageliú, O. S., & Kandel, S. (2009) · Journal for the Study of Education and Development Infancia y Aprendizaje · doi:10.1174/021037009788001789 · Cited by 7
Berends, I. E., & Reitsma, P. H. (2005) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390490919191 · Cited by 7
Mayer, A., & Motsch, H. (2015) · Journal of Education and Learning · doi:10.5539/jel.v4n3p88 · Cited by 7
ENSINO BASEADO EM EQUIVALÊNCIA E PRODUÇÃO DE SENTENÇAS EM CRIANÇAS COM IMPLANTE COCLEAR
das Neves, A. J., Verdu, A. C. M. A., Silva, L. T. D. N., & Moret, A. L. M. (2019) · Revista Brasileira de Análise do Comportamento · doi:10.18542/rebac.v15i1.7918 · Cited by 7
Lexical orthographic knowledge acquisition in adults: The whole-word visual processing impact
Chaves, N., Ginestet, É., & Bosse, M. (2020) · European Review of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.erap.2019.100520 · Cited by 7
Orthographic learning through self-teaching among learners of English as a second language
Li, Y., Wang, M., & Espinas, D. R. (2021) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-020-10115-4 · Cited by 7
Kim, D., Lowder, M. W., & Choi, W. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.710663 · Cited by 7
Rodrigo, M., Jiménez, J. E., Estévez, A., Rodríguez, C., Díaz, A., González, M. D. R. O., Ayala, M. A. M., Rosquete, R. G., & Hernández-Valle, I. (2009) · Journal for the Study of Education and Development Infancia y Aprendizaje · doi:10.1174/021037009788964088 · Cited by 7
González-Martín, N., Suárez‐Coalla, P., Afonso, O., & Cuetos, F. (2017) · Journal for the Study of Education and Development Infancia y Aprendizaje · doi:10.1080/02103702.2016.1263448 · Cited by 7
Thurmann-Moe, A. C., Melby‐Lervåg, M., & Lervåg, A. (2021) · Annals of Dyslexia · doi:10.1007/s11881-021-00225-1 · Cited by 6
Huo, S., & Zhang, X. (2024) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2023.12.016 · Cited by 6
Ardanouy, E., Zesiger, P., & Delage, H. (2024) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/00222194231223526 · Cited by 6
Suárez‐Coalla, P., Suárez-Romón, M., & Martínez, V. (2024) · Reading Psychology · doi:10.1080/02702711.2024.2359930 · Cited by 8
Taylor, A. L., Calder, S. D., Pogorzelski, S., & Koch, L. (2021) · Child Language Teaching and Therapy · doi:10.1177/02656590211052001 · Cited by 6
van der Ven, S. H. G., & de Bree, E. H. (2019) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2019.1579217 · Cited by 6
Hasenäcker, J., & Schroeder, S. (2022) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-021-10251-5 · Cited by 6
Development of sensitivity to orthographic errors in children: An event-related potential study
Heldmann, M., Puppe, S., Effenberg, A. O., & Münte, T. F. (2017) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.07.002 · Cited by 6
Correlates of Orthographic Learning in Swedish Children With Cochlear Implants
Wass, M., Löfkvist, U., Anmyr, L., Karltorp, E., Östlund, E., & Lyxell, B. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00143 · Cited by 6
Beauvais, C., Pfeiffer, N., Habib, M., & Beauvais, L. (2019) · Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale · doi:10.1037/cep0000194 · Cited by 6
Reading and writing words and numbers: Similarities, differences, and implications
de Moura, R. J., Haase, V. G., Lopes-Silva, J. B., Batista, L. T., de Freitas, F. R., Bahnmueller, J., & Moeller, K. (2021) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110661941-015 · Cited by 6
Learning to read: developing processes for recognizing, understanding and pronouncing written words
Stuart, M. (2006) · London Review of Education · doi:10.1080/13603110600574330 · Cited by 6
Cognitive dynamics of fluent reading and spelling development
Vaessen, A. (2010) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20100423av · Cited by 6
Mental Graphemic Representations
Apel, K., Wolter, J. A., & Masterson, J. J. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1428-6_558 · Cited by 6
Bittmann, F. (2024) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1002/rrq.566 · Cited by 5
Cachia, A., Dupont, C., Palmis, S., Menu, I., Auzias, G., Sein, J., Coulon, O., & Longcamp, M. (2025) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaf145 · Cited by 2
Chung, S. C., Koh, P. W., Chen, X., & Deacon, S. H. (2022) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-022-10302-5 · Cited by 5
How orthographic knowledge is related to efficient word reading? Testing competing hypotheses
Giazitzidou, S., Mouzaki, A., & Padeliadu, S. (2024) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-024-10525-8 · Cited by 5
Semantic–Syntactic Partial Word Knowledge Growth Through Reading
Wagovich, S. A., Hill, M., & Petroski, G. F. (2014) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2014_ajslp-14-0046 · Cited by 5
Soozandehfar, S. M. A., & Souzandehfar, M. (2011) · Journal of Language Teaching and Research · doi:10.4304/jltr.2.5.1086-1098 · Cited by 5
Miller, P. (2006) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/s10936-006-9015-x · Cited by 5
Talking Books in Reading Instruction and Student Behavior
Gissel, S. T. (2014) · Designs for Learning · doi:10.2478/dfl-2014-0012 · Cited by 5
Siffrein-Blanc, J., & George, F. (2010) · Développements · doi:10.3917/devel.004.0027 · Cited by 5
Sauval, K., Casalis, S., & Perre, L. (2016) · Journal of Research in Reading · doi:10.1111/1467-9817.12070 · Cited by 5
Orthographic Knowledge Promotes Young Chinese Children’s Character Writing Performance
Leong, C. K., Tse, S. K., Ki, W. W., & Loh, E. K. Y. (2018) · International Journal of Disability Development and Education · doi:10.1080/1034912x.2018.1450963 · Cited by 5
An innovative measure of orthographic processing: Development and initial validation
Chen, Y.-J., Wilson, M. R., Irey, R. C., & Requa, M. K. (2020) · Language Testing · doi:10.1177/0265532220909310 · Cited by 5
Weth, C., & Wollschläger, R. (2019) · Writing Systems Research · doi:10.1080/17586801.2020.1754997 · Cited by 5
Inhibitory effect of positional syllable frequency in Spanish 2nd and 4th grade readers
Luque, J. L., Álvarez, C. J., Bordoy, S., de la Peña, A. G., López-Pérez, P. J., & López‐Zamora, M. (2020) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716420000508 · Cited by 5
Rosas, R., Medina, L., MENESES, A., Meneses, A., Cuchacovich, S., & Escobar, J. (2011) · Pensamiento Educativo Revista de Investigación Educacional Latinoamericana · doi:10.7764/pel.48.1.2011.4 · Cited by 5
Inoue, T., Georgiou, G. K., Imanaka, H., OSHIRO, T., Kitamura, H., Maekawa, H., & Parrila, R. (2018) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716418000541 · Cited by 5
Laine, M., Polonyi, T. É., & Abari, K. (2013) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/s10936-013-9259-1 · Cited by 5
Bringing development into a universal model of reading
Deacon, S. H. (2012) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x12000040 · Cited by 5
Can Silent Reading in the Summer Reduce Socioeconomic Differences in Reading Achievement?
White, T. G., & Kim, J. S. (2010) · International Reading Association eBooks · doi:10.1598/0833.05 · Cited by 5
Sprenger-Charolles, L., & Messaoud‐Galusi, S. (2009) · HAL · Cited by 5
Askildson, L. R. (2008) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 5
Jaber, R. S. (2013) · UUM Electronic Theses and Dissertation [eTheses] (Northern University of Malaysia) · Cited by 5
Bechler-Sivan, I., Menashe, S., & Shaul, S. (2025) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2025.113209 · Cited by 4
The influence of visual attention on letter recognition and reading acquisition in Arabic
Ghandour, A., Trouche, E., Guillo, D., & Valdois, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1628051 · Cited by 4
Chen, Y.-J., Irey, R. C., & Cunningham, A. E. (2018) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2018.1473403 · Cited by 4
Pacton, S., & Peereman, R. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105675 · Cited by 4
Reading Disability in Children: Exploring the N400 and its Associations with Set-For-Variability
Basma, B., Savage, R. S., Luk, G., & Bertone, A. (2024) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2024.2418063 · Cited by 4
Grosmaître, C., Auclair, L., Dorfmüller, G., Leunen, D., Delalande, O., Folhen, M., Bulteau, C., & Jambaqué, I. (2012) · Neurocase · doi:10.1080/13554794.2012.732088 · Cited by 4
Weber, P., Kozel, N., Purgstaller, C., Kargl, R., Schwab, D., & Fink, A. (2012) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2012.11.010 · Cited by 4
Grapheme coding during sublexical processing in French third and fifth graders
Commissaire, É., Besse, A., Demont, É., & Casalis, S. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2018.03.006 · Cited by 4
Pathways to Plurilingual Education
(2021) · doi:10.26493/978-961-7055-36-8 · Cited by 4
Teachers’ Opinions about the Teaching of Reading in Spain
de la Peña, A. G., Sánchez, A., Flores, A., & Luque, J. L. (2022) · Psicologí a Educativa · doi:10.5093/psed2022a11 · Cited by 4
Dyslexia assessment in Amharic
Mekonnen, A. M. (2023) · Educational Psychology in Practice · doi:10.1080/02667363.2023.2176827 · Cited by 4
La syllabe dans la production écrite de mots
Sausset, S., Lambert, E. G., & Olive, T. (2015) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.3917/anpsy.161.0137 · Cited by 4
Serious Game for reading and spelling skills
Sucena, A., Silva, A. F., Garrido, C., de Abreu, P. A. F., Carneiro, J. F., & Restivo, M. T. (2019) · Experiment@International Conference · doi:10.1109/expat.2019.8876570 · Cited by 4
Margaretto, B. B., Kopytin, G., Myachykov, A., Fu, Y., Юрьевич, П. М., & Юрьевич, Ш. Ю. (2020) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-021-01529-y · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Share, D. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Haifa (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Share, David L.
- ORCID
- Share, David L.
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-02
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 95-129
- ISSN
- 0022-0965 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2034568516
- Cited by
- 742
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 45
- FWCI
- 13.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Child Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Second Language Acquisition and Learning
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Keywords
- phonological recoding, orthographic learning, pseudowords, spelling acquisition, phonological processing, visual exposure, second grade students, reading aloud
- MeSH terms
- Child, Female, Humans, Individuality, Male, Phonetics, Reading, Mental Recall, Verbal Learning
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review