Biological Effects of High Ultraviolet Radiation on Early Earth—a Theoretical Evaluation
Abstract
The surface of early Earth was exposed to both UVC radiation (< 280 nm) and higher doses of UVB (280-315 nm) compared with the surface of present day Earth. The degree to which this radiation environment acted as a selection pressure on organisms and biological systems has rarely been theoretically examined with respect to the biologically effective irradiances that ancient organisms would receive. Here action spectra for DNA inactivation and isolated chloroplast inhibition are used to estimate biologically effective irradiances on archean Earth. Comparisons are made with present day Earth. The theoretical estimations on the UV radiation screening required to protect DNA on archean Earth compare well with field and laboratory observations on protection strategies found in present day microbial communities. They suggest that many physical and biological methods may have been effective and would have allowed for the radiation of life even under the high UV radiation regimes of archean Earth. Such strategies would also have provided effective reduction of photoinhibition by UV radiation. The data also suggest that the UV regime on the surface of Mars is not a life limiting factor per se, although other environmental factors such as desiccation and low temperatures may contribute towards the apparent lack of a surface biota.
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DNA is most damaged by wavelengths shorter than 290 nm.
“However, it has been observed that wavelengths below 290 nm are most damaging to DNA, and that the Archean Earth would have experienced a higher flux of shorter-wavelength UV radiation though water and atmospheric carbon dioxide may have efficiently blocked wavelengths much below 200 nm (Cockell 1998;Ranjan and Sasselov 2016).”
From Environmental Adaptation from the Origin of Life to the Last Universal Common Ancestor (2018) · cites this paper as Cockell 1998
Water columns, ice, sediment, organic material, and other barriers can effectively shield against radiation.
“Radiation shielding can be effectively provided by a water column, ice cover, sediment, organic material or other barriers (Cockell 1998), but the importance of UV in prebiotic chemistry suggests that shielded environments which could plausibly be in fairly close contact with unshielded environments should be preferred.”
From Environmental Adaptation from the Origin of Life to the Last Universal Common Ancestor (2018) · cites this paper as Cockell 1998
The Archean Earth likely received more short-wavelength UV radiation.
“However, it has been observed that wavelengths below 290 nm are most damaging to DNA, and that the Archean Earth would have experienced a higher flux of shorter-wavelength UV radiation though water and atmospheric carbon dioxide may have efficiently blocked wavelengths much below 200 nm (Cockell 1998;Ranjan and Sasselov 2016).”
From Environmental Adaptation from the Origin of Life to the Last Universal Common Ancestor (2018) · cites this paper as Cockell 1998
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Sato, S., Cuntz, M., Guerra Olvera, C. M., Jack, D., & Schröder, K.-P. (2014) · International Journal of Astrobiology · doi:10.1017/s1473550414000020 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Biological radiation dose from secondary particles in a Milky Way gamma-ray burst
Atri, D., Melott, A. L., & Karam, A. (2013) · International Journal of Astrobiology · doi:10.1017/s1473550413000414 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Szabla, R., Šponer, J. E., Šponer, J., Sobolewski, A. L., & Góra, R. W. (2014) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · doi:10.1039/c4cp02074j · Cited by 16 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cockell, C. S.
- Affiliations
- Carnegie Institution for Science (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cockell, Charles S.
- ORCID
- Cockell, Charles S.
- Venue
- Journal of Theoretical Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1998-08
- Volume
- 193
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 717-729
- ISSN
- 0022-5193 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1971891252
- Cited by
- 177
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 6.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Theoretical Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Keywords
- early Earth, ultraviolet radiation, UV-B radiation, UV-C, Archean, DNA inactivation, action spectrum, photoinhibition, microbial communities, Mars surface, habitability
- MeSH terms
- Animals, DNA, DNA Damage, DNA Repair, Photosynthesis, Radiation Dosage, Radiation Injuries, Ultraviolet Rays, Earth, Planet
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