A Mathematical Model for the Germinal Center Morphology and Affinity Maturation

Germinal Centers

MacLennan, I. C. M. (1994) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.iy.12.040194.001001 · Cited by 1,728 · see citing works

Mechanism of antigen-driven selection in germinal centres

Liu, Y.-J., Joshua, D., Williams, G. T., Smith, C. A., Gordon, J., & Maclennan, I. C. M. (1989) · Nature · doi:10.1038/342929a0 · Cited by 1,080 · see citing works

Maturation of the immune response in germinal centers

Berek, C., Berger, A., & Apel, M. (1991) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90289-b · Cited by 914 · see citing works

Sites of specific B cell activation in primary and secondary responses to T cell‐dependent and T cell‐independent antigens

Liu, Y., Zhang, J., Lane, P. J. L., Chan, E. Y. ‐., & MacLennan, I. C. M. (1991) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.1830211209 · Cited by 736 · see citing works

In situ studies of the primary immune response to (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl. I. The architecture and dynamics of responding cell populations.

Jacob, J., Kassir, R., & Kelsoe, G. H. (1991) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.173.5.1165 · Cited by 694 · see citing works

Tracing B cell development in human germinal centres by molecular analysis of single cells picked from histological sections.

Küppers, R., Zhao, M., Hansmann, M., & Rajewsky, K. (1993) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06189.x · Cited by 662 · see citing works

Mutation Drift and Repertoire Shift in the Maturation of the Immune Response

Berek, C., & Milstein, C. (1987) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1987.tb00507.x · Cited by 648 · see citing works

Theoretical studies of clonal selection: Minimal antibody repertoire size and reliability of self-non-self discrimination

Perelson, A. S., & OSTER, G. F. (1979) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/0022-5193(79)90275-3 · Cited by 648 · see citing works

Analysis of somatic mutation in five B cell subsets of human tonsil.

Pascual, V., Liu, Y. J., Magalski, A., de BOUTEILLER, O., Banchereau, J., & Capra, J. D. (1994) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.180.1.329 · Cited by 648 · see citing works

Structural Insights into the Evolution of an Antibody Combining Site

Wedemayer, G. J., Patten, P. A., Wang, L. H., Schultz, P. G., & Stevens, R. C. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.276.5319.1665 · Cited by 547 · see citing works

Handbook of bioengineering

Doyle, C. (1988) · Clinical Materials · doi:10.1016/0267-6605(88)90022-4 · Cited by 498 · see citing works

Cellular interaction in germinal centers. Roles of CD40 ligand and B7-2 in established germinal centers

Han, S., Hathcock, K. S., Zheng, B. Q., Kepler, T. B., Hodes, R. J., & Kelsoe, G. H. (1995) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.155.2.556 · Cited by 480 · see citing works

A monoclonal antibody (MUM1p) detects expression of the MUM1/IRF4 protein in a subset of germinal center B cells, plasma cells, and activated T cells

Falini, B., Fizzotti, M., Pucciarini, A., Bigerna, B., Marafioti, T., Gambacorta, M., Pacini, R., Alunni, C., Natali–Tanci, L., Ugolini, B., et al. (2000) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v95.6.2084 · Cited by 471 · see citing works

Handbook of Bioengineering

Skalak, R., Chien, S., & Mates, R. E. (1987) · Journal of Biomechanical Engineering · doi:10.1115/1.3138695 · Cited by 372 · see citing works

In situ studies of the primary immune response to (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl. III. The kinetics of V region mutation and selection in germinal center B cells.

Jacob, J., Przylepa, J., Miller, C., & Kelsoe, G. H. (1993) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.178.4.1293 · Cited by 366 · see citing works

Antigen-driven B cell differentiation in vivo.

McHeyzer‐Williams, M. G., McLEAN, M. J., Lalor, P. A., & Nossal, G. J. V. (1993) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.178.1.295 · Cited by 306 · see citing works

Cyclic re-entry of germinal center B cells and the efficiency of affinity maturation

Kepler, T. B., & Perelson, A. S. (1993) · Immunology Today · doi:10.1016/0167-5699(93)90145-b · Cited by 296 · see citing works

The molecular and cellular basis of affinity maturation in the antibody response

Nossal, G. J. V. (1992) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90198-l · Cited by 281 · see citing works

Follicular dendritic cells and presentation of antigen and costimulatory signals to B cells

Tew, J. G., Wu, J., Qin, D., et al. (1997) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1997.tb00957.x · Cited by 250 · see citing works

In situ studies of the primary immune response to (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl. IV. Affinity-dependent, antigen-driven B cell apoptosis in germinal centers as a mechanism for maintaining self-tolerance.

Han, S., Zheng, B. Q., Porto, J. D., & Kelsoe, G. H. (1995) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.182.6.1635 · Cited by 221 · see citing works

Recruitment of CD40 and Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-associated Factors 2 and 3 to Membrane Microdomains during CD40 Signaling

Hostager, B. S., Catlett, I. M., & Bishop, G. A. (2000) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m909520199 · Cited by 202 · see citing works

Germinal centers develop oligoclonally

Kroese, F. G. M., Wubbena, A. S., Seijen, H. G., & Nieuwenhuis, P. (1987) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.1830170726 · Cited by 194 · see citing works

Prolonged antigen half-life in the lymphoid follicles of specifically immunized mice.

Tew, J. G., & MANDEL, T. E. (1979) · PubMed · Cited by 182 · see citing works

The dynamic structure of the germinal center

Camacho, S. A., Kosco‐Vilbois, M. H., & Berek, C. (1998) · Immunology Today · doi:10.1016/s0167-5699(98)01327-9 · Cited by 177 · see citing works

The germinal center: a crucible for lymphocyte selection

Kelsoe, G. H. (1996) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1006/smim.1996.0022 · Cited by 165 · see citing works

Somatic mutation leads to efficient affinity maturation when centrocytes recycle back to centroblasts

Oprea, M., & Perelson, A. S. (1997) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.158.11.5155 · Cited by 152 · see citing works

Somatic mutation leads to efficient affinity maturation when centrocytes recycle back to centroblasts

Oprea, M. (1997) · Immunology Letters · doi:10.1016/s0165-2478(97)87000-9 · Cited by 142 · see citing works

Dendritic cells directly modulate B cell growth and differentiation

Dubois, B., Bridon, J., Fayette, J., et al. (1999) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1002/jlb.66.2.224 · Cited by 139 · see citing works

AN AUTORADIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE GERMINAL CENTER IN SPLEEN WHITE PULP DURING EARLY INTERVALS OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE.

Hanna, M. G. (1964) · PubMed · Cited by 139 · see citing works

Is rapid proliferation in B centroblasts linked to somatic mutation in memory B cell clones?

Zhang, J., MacLennan, I. C. M., Liu, Y.-J., & Lane, P. J. L. (1988) · Immunology Letters · doi:10.1016/0165-2478(88)90178-2 · Cited by 131 · see citing works

Triple check for antigen specificity of B cells during germinal centre reactions

Lindhout, E., de Groot, C., Koopman, G., et al. (1997) · Immunology Today · doi:10.1016/s0167-5699(97)01160-2 · Cited by 105 · see citing works

Germinal center B cells rescued from apoptosis by CD40 ligation or attachment to follicular dendritic cells, but not by engagement of surface immunoglobulin or adhesion receptors, become resistant to CD95‐induced apoptosis

Koopman, G., Keehnen, R. M. J., Lindhout, E., Zhou, D., Groot, C. D., & Pals, S. T. (1997) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.1830270102 · Cited by 103 · see citing works

Toward a Role of Dendritic Cells in the Germinal Center Reaction: Triggering of B Cell Proliferation and Isotype Switching

Dubois, B., Barthélémy, C., Durand, I., et al. (1999) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.162.6.3428 · Cited by 97 · see citing works

Distinctive characteristics of germinal center B cells

Han, S., Zheng, B. Q., Takahashi, Y., & Kelsoe, G. H. (1997) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1006/smim.1997.0081 · Cited by 90 · see citing works

Recycling Probability and Dynamical Properties of Germinal Center Reactions

Meyer‐Hermann, M., Deutsch, A., & Or‐Guil, M. (2001) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1006/jtbi.2001.2297 · Cited by 81 · see citing works

Follicular dendritic cells inhibit apoptosis in human B lymphocytes by a rapid and irreversible blockade of preexisting endonuclease.

Lindhout, E., Lakeman, A., & de Groot, C. H. (1995) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.181.6.1985 · Cited by 80 · see citing works

Constitutive expression of Bcl-xL or Bcl-2 prevents peptide antigen-induced T cell deletion but does not influence T cell homeostasis after a viral infection

Petschner, F., Zimmermann, C., Strasser, A., Grillot, D., Núñez, G., & Pircher, H. (1998) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199802)28:02 · Cited by 77 · see citing works

A Mathematical Model on Germinal Center Kinetics and Termination

Keşmir, C., & de Boer, R. J. (1999) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.163.5.2463 · Cited by 75 · see citing works

Distinct Role of Follicular Dendritic Cells and T Cells in the Proliferation, Differentiation, and Apoptosis of a Centroblast Cell Line, L3055

Choe, J., Li, L., Zhang, X., et al. (2000) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.164.1.56 · Cited by 70 · see citing works

Germinal Center B Cell Apoptosis Requires Both Caspase and Cathepsin Activity

van Eijk, M., & de Groot, C. (1999) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.163.5.2478 · Cited by 69 · see citing works

Predicted and inferred waiting times for key mutations in the germinal centre reaction: Evidence for stochasticity in selection

Radmacher, M. D., Kelsoe, G. H., & Kepler, T. B. (1998) · Immunology and Cell Biology · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1711.1998.00753.x · Cited by 64 · see citing works

Cutting Edge: Cellular Fas-Associated Death Domain-Like IL-1-Converting Enzyme-Inhibitory Protein Protects Germinal Center B Cells from Apoptosis During Germinal Center Reactions

van Eijk, M., Medema, J. P., & de Groot, C. H. (2001) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.166.11.6473 · Cited by 62 · see citing works

Cell kinetics of the germinal center reaction ‐ a stathmokinetic study

Hollowood, K., & Macartney, J. C. (1992) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.1830220138 · Cited by 55 · see citing works

The B-cell development in tonsillar lymphoid follicles.

Brandtzaeg, P. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 51 · see citing works

Somatic hypermutation and B–cell lymphoma

Dunn‐Walters, D. K., Thiede, C., Alpen, B., et al. (2001) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2000.0751 · Cited by 43 · see citing works

Dynamics of One-pass Germinal Center Models: Implications for Affinity Maturation

Oprea, M. (2000) · Bulletin of Mathematical Biology · doi:10.1006/bulm.1999.0144 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

Exploring the Mechanisms of Primary Antibody Responses to T Cell-Dependent Antigens

Oprea, M., & Perelson, A. S. (1996) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1006/jtbi.1996.0127 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

Merkel cells in the human oesophagus

Harmse, J. L., Carey, F. A., Baird, A., Craig, S., Christie, K. N., Hopwood, D., & Lucocq, J. M. (1999) · Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9896(199910)189:2 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

The Differences in Survival and Phenotype Between Centroblasts and Centrocytes

Liu, Y., Barthélémy, C., de BOUTEILLER, O., et al. (1994) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-2492-2_36 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

Nucleotide sequence analysis of natural and combinatorial anti-PDC-E2 antibodies in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Recapitulating immune selection with molecular biology.

Pascual, V., Cha, S., Gershwin, M. E., et al. (1994) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.152.5.2577 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

The Humoral Immune Response toHaemophilus influenzaeType b: a Mathematical Model Based on T-zone and Germinal Center B-cell Dynamics

Rundell, A. E., DeCarlo, R. A., HogenEsch, H., et al. (1998) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1006/jtbi.1998.0751 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

Role of follicular dendritic cells in the apoptosis of germinal center B cells

Hur, D. Y., Kim, D. J., Kim, S., et al. (2000) · Immunology Letters · doi:10.1016/s0165-2478(00)00166-8 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

The aspermatogenic antigen in experimental allergic orchitis in guinea-pigs.

Brown, P. C., Holborow, E. J., & Glynn, L. E. (1965) · PubMed · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Rewiring of CD40 is necessary for delivery of rescue signals to B cells in germinal centres and subsequent entry into the memory pool

Siepmann, K., Skok, J. A., van Essen, D., et al. (2001) · Immunology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2567.2001.01162.x · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Conclusions from Two Model Concepts on Germinal Center Dynamics and Morphology

Meyer‐Hermann, M., & Beyer, T. (2002) · Journal of Immunology Research · doi:10.1080/1044-6670310001597060 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Does recycling in germinal centres exist?

Meyer‐Hermann, M. (2002) · Immunology and Cell Biology · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1711.2002.01052.x · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Evolutionary medicine and bone loss in chronic inflammatory diseases—A theory of inflammation-related osteopenia

Straub, R. H., Cutolo, M., & Pacifici, R. (2015) · Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism · doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2015.04.014 · Cited by 132 · see citing works

Evolutionary medicine and chronic inflammatory state—known and new concepts in pathophysiology

Straub, R. H. (2012) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00109-012-0861-8 · Cited by 105 · see citing works

Cutting Edge: Back to “One-Way” Germinal Centers

Meyer-Hermann, M. E., & Maini, P. K. (2005) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.174.5.2489 · Cited by 50 · see citing works

Somatic Evolution in the Immune System: The Need for Germinal Centers for Efficient Affinity Maturation

Pierre, D. M., Goldman, D., Bar‐Yam, Y., et al. (1997) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1006/jtbi.1996.0350 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Germinal centers: programmed for affinity maturation and antibody diversification

Bannard, O., & Cyster, J. G. (2017) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2016.12.004 · Cited by 199 · see citing works

Affinity maturation without germinal centres in lymphotoxin-α-deficient mice

Matsumoto, M., Lo, S. F., Carruthers, C. J. L., Min, J., Mariathasan, S., Huang, G., Plas, D. R., Martin, S. M., Geha, R. S., Nahm, M. H., et al. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/382462a0 · Cited by 318 · see citing works

Visualizing antibody affinity maturation in germinal centers

Tas, J. M. J., Mesin, L., Pasqual, G., Targ, S., Jacobsen, J. T., Mano, Y. M., Chen, C. S., Weill, J., Reynaud, C., Browne, E. P., et al. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aad3439 · Cited by 464 · see citing works

Cyclic re-entry of germinal center B cells and the efficiency of affinity maturation

Kepler, T. B., & Perelson, A. S. (1993) · Immunology Today · doi:10.1016/0167-5699(93)90145-b · Cited by 296 · see citing works