Evaluation of pharmacological induction of fatty acid β-oxidation in X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is an inherited neurometabolic disorder associated with elevated levels of saturated unbranched very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA; C > 22:0) in plasma and tissues, and reduced VLCFA beta-oxidation in fibroblasts, white blood cells, and amniocytes from X-ALD patients. The X-ALD gene (ABCD1) at Xq28 encodes the adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP) that is related to the peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette (ABCD) transmembrane half-transporter proteins. The function of ALDP is unknown and its role in VLCFA accumulation unresolved. Previously, our laboratory has shown that sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (4PBA) treatment of X-ALD fibroblasts results in increased peroxisomal VLCFA beta-oxidation activity and increased expression of the X-ALD-related protein, ALDRP, encoded by the ABCD2 gene. In this study, the effect of various pharmacological agents on VLCFA beta-oxidation in ALD mouse fibroblasts is tested. 4PBA, styrylacetate and benzyloxyacetate (structurally related to 4PBA), and trichostatin A (functionally related to 4PBA) increase both VLCFA (peroxisomal) and long-chain fatty acid [LCFA (peroxisomal and mitochondrial)] beta-oxidation. Isobutyrate, zaprinast, hydroxyurea, and 5-azacytidine had no effect on VLCFA or LCFA beta-oxidation. Lovastatin had no effect on fatty acid beta-oxidation under normal tissue culture conditions but did result in an increase in both VLCFA and LCFA beta-oxidation when ALD mouse fibroblasts were cultured in the absence of cholesterol. The effect of trichostatin A on peroxisomal VLCFA beta-oxidation is shown to be independent of an increase in ALDRP expression, suggesting that correction of the biochemical abnormality in X-ALD is not dependent on pharmacological induction of a redundant gene (ABCD2). These studies contribute to a better understanding of the role of ALDP in VLCFA accumulation and may lead to the development of more effective pharmacological therapies.
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Residual peroxisomal β-oxidation of VLCFA is approximately 20% of normal in X-ALD fibroblasts and can be restored by ABCD2 or ABCD3 overexpression.
“Consistently, the residual peroxisomal β-oxidation of VLCFA is ~20% of normal in X-ALD fibroblasts [150,151] and can be restored by ABCD2 or ABCD3 overexpression [152,153].”
From Revisiting the Pathogenesis of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (2025) · cites this paper as [150]
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- Authors
- McGuinness, M. C., Zhang, H.-P., & Smith, K. D.
- Affiliations
- Kennedy Krieger Institute (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- McGuinness, M.C.
- ORCID
- Smith, K.D.
- Venue
- Molecular Genetics and Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-09
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 256-263
- ISSN
- 1096-7192 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2040022730
- Cited by
- 51
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Molecular Genetics and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD-10981, P01HD010981)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Metabolism and Genetic Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Lysosomal Storage Disorders Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological diseases and metabolism
- Keywords
- X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, fatty acid beta-oxidation, very long chain fatty acids, ABCD1, ABCD2, peroxisomes, 4-phenylbutyric acid, trichostatin A, lovastatin, cholesterol deficiency, pharmacological induction, fibroblasts
- MeSH terms
- Adrenoleukodystrophy, Animals, Cell Line, Enzyme Inhibitors, Fatty Acids, Nonesterified, Humans, Hydroxamic Acids, Lovastatin, Phenylbutyrates, X Chromosome, Lipid Peroxidation, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors, Mice, Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors
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