Alternatives to difference scores as dependent variables in the study of congruence in organizational research
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Difference scores suffer from unreliability, ambiguous interpretation, confounded effects, and untested constraints, resulting in potentially flawed findings.
“difference scores suffer from unreliability, ambiguous interpretation, confounded effects, and untested constraints, thus resulting in potentially flawed findings (e.g., see Edwards, 1995).”
From Does leadership need emotional intelligence? (2009) · cites this paper as Edwards, 1995
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Relating alternative forms of contingency fit to the appropriate methods to test them
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- Authors
- Edwards, J. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Edwards, Jeffrey R.
- ORCID
- Edwards, Jeffrey R.
- Venue
- Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1995-12
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 307-324
- ISSN
- 0749-5978 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2074831892
- Cited by
- 402
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 2.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
- Keywords
- difference scores, congruences, dependent variables, feedback seeking, rating accuracy, reanalysis, measurement error
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